family medicine

The New Zealand General Practice Podcast

opotikigp family medicine, general practice, Healthcare , , , ,

Clinical Snippets December 2025

https://podcasts.apple.com/nz/podcast/the-new-zealand-general-practice-podcast/id1457506728

Clinical Snippets December 2025

1.  Restless leg syndrome in adults

(i) Best Practice Bulletin 127 commented on an updated international guideline from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine published earlier this year that has recommended a new treatment hierarchy for managing patients with severe symptoms of restless legs syndrome. One of the most significant changes is that dopamine agonists, previously first line for patients with severe symptoms, are no longer recommended due to concerns with augmentation syndrome (worsening of restless legs symptoms over time). The importance of iron supplementation in people with low ferritin levels is also strongly emphasised.

(ii) Good practice statements include:

  • The first step in the management of RLS should be addressing exacerbating factors, such as alcohol, caffeine, antihistaminergic, serotonergic, antidopaminergic medications, and untreated obstructive sleep apnoea.
  • In all patients with clinically significant RLS, clinicians should regularly test serum iron studies including ferritin and transferrin saturation (calculated from iron and total iron binding capacity). Testing should ideally be administered in the morning avoiding all iron-containing supplements and foods at least 24 hours prior to testing. Consensus guidelines, suggest supplementation of iron in adults with oral or IV iron if serum ferritin ≤ 75 mcg/L or transferrin saturation < 20%, and only with IV iron if serum ferritin is between 75 and 100 mcg/L.  Note that Special Authority criteria for funded access to IV iron supplementation in New Zealand requires a diagnosis of anaemia and a serum ferritin level ≤ 20 mcg/L (or a serum ferritin level between 20 – 50 mcg/L and CRP ≥ 5 mg/L), therefore people with restless legs syndrome may not qualify.
  • RLS is common in pregnancy; prescribers should consider the pregnancy-specific safety profile of each treatment being considered.

(iii)  gabapentin and pregabalin are now regarded as first line pharmacological treatment for adult RLS (off-label use in NZ) with dipyridamole and low dose opioids conditionally recommended as second line agents.  There are conditional suggestions against the standard use of dopamine agonists (ropinirole, pramipexole) with the qualifying remark: [the drug] may be used to treat RLS in patients who place a higher value on the reduction of restless legs symptoms with short-term use and a lower value on adverse effects with long-term use (particularly augmentation).  [Note potential adverse effect of impulse control disorders also].  There are also conditional suggestions against the use of bupropion, carbamazepine, clonazepam, valproate and valerian.  Health Pathways acknowledges the new guidance with the RLS pathway to be updated as resource allows. 

2. Pregabalin prescribing

A recent NZ Doctor article looked at prescribing of pregabalin in neuropathic pain.  This was presented as a case study and comment from various health providers.  

  • There is reference to the ‘black box’ warning which notes the drug  poses risks of misuse, abuse and dependence which can lead to overdose and death especially when used concomitantly with opioids and other CNS depressants.
  • Dosing is renal function dependent. 
  • Withdrawal symptoms are common and can occur even when stopping relatively low doses of pregabalin. NZF notes that, dose reduction should be individualised as tolerated; a suggested regimen is to reduce the daily dose of pregabalin at a maximum rate of 50–100mg every week, but the tapering rate may need to be considerably slower, e.g. smaller dose reductions over a longer time.  Gradual withdrawal allows for monitoring, and appropriate management of withdrawal symptoms. In those taking high doses for long periods of time, complete withdrawal may take several weeks or months.
  • Pregabalin use in the first trimester of pregnancy may cause major birth defects in the unborn child. Pregabalin should not be used during pregnancy unless the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs the potential risk to the fetus. Women of childbearing potential must use effective contraception during treatment – ideally long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) is preferred; alternatively, two complementary forms of contraception including condoms should be used.

Comments from a specialist pain physician regarding issues experienced in her practice include:

  • lack of informed decision-making – patients unaware of the indication, mechanism and ‘off label’ nature of the gabapentinoid use, potential side effects and difficulty weaning in future
  • not having been advised of the potential risks to a developing pregnancy, and thus not using effective contraception 
  • cognitive impacts – including one older gentleman who was unable to complete the crossword in his daily paper as he usually could, and a young woman who had a near-miss car accident with her children in the car
  • mood effects – including low mood and new-onset suicidal ideation
  • discontinuation syndrome – many of my patients have experienced severe symptoms (eg, mood destabilisation, insomnia, suicidality) when trying to wean from gabapentinoids, and I have had two who needed to do so slowly over a year.

3. Ryeqo

(i) The drug company Gedeon Richter Australia has announced registration in July 2025 of their product Ryeqo for the treatment of endometriosis symptoms, including endometriosis pain, for adult women of reproductive age who have previously tried medical or surgical treatment for their endometriosis. It was initially approved in October 2023 for the treatment of moderate-to-severe symptoms of uterine fibroids in adult women of reproductive age.

(ii) Ryeqo is an oral treatment which contains the combination of a GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) receptor antagonist, relugolix 40mg, and a hormone add-back therapy, estradiol 1mg and norethisterone acetate, 0.5mg in a single, once-daily tablet. The main component, Relugolix works by reducing the hormone oestrogen that drives endometriosis symptoms including pain, whilst the estradiol and norethisterone acetate add-back therapy components help to maintain hormonal balance.

(iii) Ryeqo is not currently funded on the Pharmaceutical Schedule – patients will need to pay for the medicine (around $NZ250 per month) and any associated healthcare professional fees.  

(iv) A comprehensive prescribing summary, including recommendations regarding informed consent and monitoring, has been developed by Cheshire and Merseyside NHS and although this reflects current prescribing restrictions in the UK, it provides an excellent overview of use of the drug.  Medsafe have published Consumer and Health Professional prescribing data sheets.

  
3. Nortriptyline reminder

Health Pathways recommends nortriptyline as a first-line pain modifying agent in management of chronic non-malignant pain and I often see it prescribed appropriately for this indication.   However, I have also received several complaints relating to adverse reactions (often stated by the complainant to be serotonin syndrome) occurring at what appear to be fairly modest doses of the drug although often in combination with other serotonergic medications such as tramadol.  Health Pathways incudes the following advice with respect to prescribing of nortriptyline for chronic non-malignant pain: 

  • Best taken as a single evening dose 3 to 4 hours before bed.
  • Start at 10 to 25 mg.
  • Due to variations in CYP2D6 enzyme and metabolism of nortriptyline, there is a lot of individual variation in dose response.
  • Nortriptyline needs to be titrated, guided by measurement of plasma level after at least 10 days on a new dose.
  • Aim for a trough (late afternoon) plasma of between 200 to 400 nmol/L.
  • Trial for at least 6 weeks at a therapeutic level.
  • Typical effective dose is 50 to 75 mg, but some patients will require either much smaller or much higher doses.

4. Signs in ACS

Issue 262 of GP Research Review reported on a recently published meta-analysis evaluating the diagnostic accuracy that 13 symptoms and signs had in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).  The results suggested that the included symptoms and signs had limited utility for the detection of both conditions. The symptoms with the highest diagnostic accuracy for ACS were an absence of chest wall tenderness (diagnostic OR 7.73) and pain radiating to the right arm (OR 3.9). The most accurate symptoms for AMI were sweating, pain radiating to the right arm, absence of chest wall tenderness and pain radiating to both arms.  Chest pain on exercise was also important in ACS. The reviewer’s take-home message was Symptoms have limited value in diagnosis of AMI and ACS, and objective testing remains essential for accurate diagnosis.  

While we are on diagnosis of chest pain it is important to remember spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) as a cause of ACS.  SCAD is often underdiagnosed, partly because it occurs in younger individuals (average age 51yrs, 80-90% female) without typical cardiovascular risk factors and clinicians may fail to consider ACS in a young female.  It is the cause of around a third of heart attacks in women under 50 and half of all heart attacks in pregnancy and the post-partum period. The majority of patients (around 70%) present with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), while 30% have ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI), with chest discomfort reported by around 90% of the subjects. Less common symptoms included nausea, vomiting, light headedness, and dyspnoea. I have also seen a recent case where a middle-aged woman without traditional CV risk factors presented with shortness of breath and chest tightness on exertion and was found to have 95% stenosis of her left main coronary artery due to radiotherapy she had undertaken several years previously for left sided breast cancer.    

5.  HQSC Cultural Resource:  

To support the 2023 publication RN frailty care guide ‘Guide for health professionals caring for kaumātua’ HQSC has developed a series of short videos on cultural considerations when caring for kaumātua (Māori older adults) and their whānau in aged residential care and other health settings.  The series covers key concepts of Māori identity, whanaungatanga (relationships), mana and manaakitanga (dignity and respect), tapu, noa and whakamā (sacredness, balance, and shame), and holistic care. Each video encourages reflection and offers practical ways to weave tikanga Māori into everyday care [2-3 minutes each].  

6. Reminder:  Staff checks

  • A recently published investigation by the Ombudsman launched found Health NZ had not been following the proper vetting processes required by law for nine years.
  • It is a requirement in the Children’s Act 2014 for all non-core children’s workers to have passed an appropriate check to work with children, and this check requires updating every three years.  
  • Details relating to the legislation requirements and checking process can be found on the Te Whatu Ora website.  

7. Resources

(i)  STI Patient Info  

The Sexually Transmitted Infections Education Foundation has a series of patient pamphlets available, which cover a range of topics related to herpes and human papillomavirus. Topics include HPV vaccination, cervical screening and results, HPV and throat cancer, and breaking down herpes myths. These resources are available electronically (herpes.org.nz and hpv.org.nz) and hard copies can be ordered and posted out free to general practices and sexual health clinics.

(ii) Herpes guidelines 

STIEF and the New Zealand Herpes Foundation have also published updated clinical guidelines for the management of genital herpes in Aotearoa. Access them for free online (guidelines.stief.org.nz).  The guidelines include genital herpes management flowcharts for clinicians covering first episodes, recurrent genital herpes and herpes in pregnancy. There is also key information to provide to patients at the time of diagnosis. [A reminder that dosing of acyclovir and valaciclovir is renal function dependent – important to avoid neurotoxicity associated with elevated serum levels, particularly in the elderly being treated for shingles]

(iii)  Cyber security guide for primary care

Health New Zealand, Te Whatu Ora, has published guidance on managing cyber security incidents for primary care organisations. Strengthen Your Digital Defence: A Guide to Cyber Security Incident Response for New Zealand Primary Health Sector is one of several resources developed to help healthcare organisations prepare for and respond to worst-case cyber security incidents. This includes reducing cyber security risks, preparing for future incidents, responding to a cyber security incident and how to recover and return to normal operations in the aftermath. The guide is intended as an educational tool and does not contain exhaustive advice; it should not replace any legal, technical or professional cyber security advice your organisation already has. 

(iv)  Miscarriage Matters websiteThe Miscarriage Matters website presents the organisation’s mission as To improve the experience of miscarriage in New Zealand by empowering people with information, advocacy and support.  To do this by raising awareness, connecting existing services, providing information, delivering care packages, supporting midwives (and other maternity carers), supporting research, and advocating for positive change.  There are extensive written resources on all aspects of miscarriage and miscarriage support (including a FAQ section), and a pamphlet that can be ordered by practices to provide to women following a miscarriage.  The organisation also makes and delivers personal Care Packages for women in Canterbury, the West Coast, North Shore (Auckland), South Auckland and Wellington who experience miscarriage.

The New Zealand General Practice Podcast

opotikigp family medicine, general practice, Healthcare , , , , ,

Clinical Snippets November 2025

https://open.spotify.com/episode/0rVqbjPu8l1vJOM2qJMYQP?si=eQu5gna5QjuRSaz0zcas5A

1. NZ Doctor prescribing Spotlight series

NZ Doctor have been publishing a Spotlight series of snapshot reports using hazard detection data from the Conporto Event Detection & Mitigation service that automatically analyses the patient’s medical records and identifies if a risk of harm is likely. 

(i) The first report looked at sodium valproate prescribing in women of childbearing potential without documented history of hysterectomy. Sodium valproate is contraindicated in girls and women of childbearing potential, unless other treatments are ineffective or not tolerated, and effective contraception is in place. It should not be prescribed in pregnancy for epilepsy unless no alternatives exist, or in pregnancy at all for bipolar disorder. Between 14 and 27 April 2025, 187,608 patient interactions were captured and a total of 474 new harm events were detected across 307 medical centres. Over these two weeks, 56 females aged 10–59 years were identified as being prescribed sodium valproate without a history of hysterectomy recorded in their notes. Of these, 29 women did not have any history of epilepsy.  ACC have developed a resource on benefits and risks of anti-seizure medicine prescribing for healthcare professionals to discuss with anyone who could get pregnant. 

(ii) A second report run between 19 May and 1 June 2025 focussed on the “triple whammy” combination – the concurrent use of an NSAID, an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, and a diuretic in patients with impaired renal function (eGFR <60).  This combination significantly increases the risk of AKI, especially in patients with impaired renal function, but can also cause harm in those with previously normal renal function.  Māori, Pacific peoples and older adults are particularly vulnerable due to higher rates of chronic kidney disease, heart disease and multimorbidity.  Over the observation period there were 191,140 patient interactions a total of 491 new harm events were detected across 299 medical centres.  Over these two weeks, 57 patients with impaired renal function prescribed all three components of the triple whammy. The event detection system indicates the combination has been newly initiated in patients with renal impairment.  It is important to note that only prescribed NSAIDs are captured – patients may also be taking over-the-counter NSAIDs, which are not recorded and could further increase risk. Advice is to avoid prescribing the triple whammy combination in patients with already impaired renal function and educate patients with impaired renal function of the potential risk of OTC NSAIDs.  

(iii) Another report run between 16 and 29 June 2025 looked at co-prescribing of macrolide antibiotics (particularly erythromycin or clarithromycin) with simvastatin, a known high-risk interaction that is contraindicated.  Macrolides strongly inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4, the enzyme that metabolises simvastatin. This can lead to a 10-fold increase in simvastatin exposure and four-fold increase in atorvastatin exposure, significantly raising the risk of myopathy and rhabdomyolysis. Risk increases with age ≥65 years, higher statin doses and concurrent medicines (eg, azole antifungals, ciclosporin) or comorbidities such as diabetes or renal impairment.  Over the observation period there were 209,108 patient interactions across 295 medical centres, with 517 new harm events identified. Among these, 25 patients were prescribed a macrolide antibiotic while also taking simvastatin.  Advice: Before prescribing or dispensing a macrolide antibiotic check for concurrent statin use, particularly simvastatin or atorvastatin. If a macrolide cannot be avoided, one of the following is recommended:

  • Temporarily withhold simvastatin or atorvastatin during the course of macrolide treatment.
  • Consider using a statin not metabolised by CYP3A4, such as pravastatin or rosuvastatin.
  • Select a macrolide with a lower interaction risk, such as roxithromycin, with caution – warn patients to promptly report symptoms of myopathy, such as muscle pain or weakness.

2.  Carotid artery POCUS

Issue 261 of GP Research Review includes review of a cross-sectional study published in BMC Primary Care investigating the sensitivity and specificity of POCUS for identifying carotid atherosclerosis in primary care, and the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in apparently healthy individuals with high or very high cardiovascular disease risk. A total of 199 participants aged 40–69 years with high or very high calculated CVD risk and no prior treatment with antilipemic drugs underwent POCUS of the carotid arteries. The prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis was 69.5%, with higher rates in males and older patients. The sensitivity and specificity of POCUS for detecting carotid atherosclerosis were 96.4% and 90.0%, respectively.  The reviewer’s take home message was that using POCUS in primary care can significantly improve early cardiovascular disease risk assessment and prevention and is another effective point-of-care procedure that can be accurately undertaken in general practice.  I note all family medicine practitioners taking part in the study took part in a 5-step individual carotid artery POCUS course, which took from 2 to 6 months (depending on prior ultrasonographic experience of the practitioner).

3.  Insomnia study

The same issue of GP Research Review summarised the randomised controlled DREAMING study from the Netherlands published in the British Journal of General Practice which aimed to asses the effectiveness of low-dose mirtazapine (7.5-15mg) and amitriptyline (10-20mg) in patients with insomnia disorder. Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores were assessed at baseline and again at 6, 12, 20, and 52 weeks.  The conclusions: Compared with placebo, low-dose mirtazapine provided a statistically significant and clinically relevant reduction of insomnia severity at 6 weeks, but not at later time points. Low-dose amitriptyline resulted in a statistically significant but not clinically relevant reduction at 6 weeks. The results do not support the prescription of low-dose amitriptyline and mirtazapine for several months in patients with insomnia disorder in general practice. Based on the results, GPs may consider prescribing off-label low-dose mirtazapine for a period of about 6 weeks in cases where non-pharmacological treatment is insufficient. BPAC has excellent resources on management of insomnia.  

4.  Sepsis

HQSC has released the Clinical Guide to Sepsis management in New Zealand.  There is a section on sepsis management outside the acute hospital setting together with tables of red and amber assessment criteria.  Take home points include relevant to primary care include: 

(i) Refer all people with suspected sepsis outside acute hospital settings for emergency medical care by the most appropriate means of transport (usually via ambulance) if:

• they meet any high-risk (RED FLAG) criteria (see relevant tables) or

• there is a concern that the person would be unable to return with new or worsening symptoms

• one or more moderate- to high-risk criteria are present and there is increased concern for sepsis and/or lack of improvement after a period of observation.

(ii) If a definitive diagnosis is not reached, or the person cannot be treated safely outside an acute hospital setting, refer them urgently for care.

(iii)  For people with infection who do not have any high or moderate- to high-risk criteria who are being treated for infection, provide information about sepsis symptoms and how to access medical care if they are concerned (use dedicated written patient resources).

5. SA updates

Pharmac has announced the requirement for some Special Authority renewals is to be removed from some products from 1st December, 2025. New patients will still require an initial Special Authority application.  Pharmac states they we will work with Health New Zealand to extend the expiry dates for people with an existing Special Authority approval for these products. 

The affected products include:

  • Insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors (interoperable and standalone) for type 1 diabetes
  • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists with long-acting beta2-agonists (LAMA/LABA inhalers) for respiratory conditions
  • Febuxostat for gout
  • Budesonide capsules for Crohn’s disease and microscopic colitis
  • Epoetin alfa for chronic renal failure

6.    Alzheimer’s Disease advances 

(i) A recent NZ Doctor article noted that new blood tests for biomarkers of Alzheimer disease pathology can allow earlier diagnosis and improve its accuracy.  Biomarkers such as p-tau217 are being used to assist diagnosis in countries like the US, Japan, the UK, and China, and have shown “good agreement” with PET imaging, CSF biomarkers, and postmortem diagnosis, the experts say.  The diagnostic accuracy of these blood tests sits at 90–95 per cent, well above the 60–70 per cent with a purely clinical approach, and they can reduce the need for CSF biomarkers and PET scans by approximately 80–90 per cent. Results are being validated in primary care and real-world settings overseas although the tests are not yet available in New Zealand. 

(ii) Their uptake is expected to grow with a rise in the availability of new disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer disease.  These expensive anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies require biomarker-based diagnosis to identify possible candidates for treatment, and their use is controversial due to their modest effectiveness, frequent IV infusion regimen, and serious potential side effects that require regular monitoring with MRIs.  They are not licensed in New Zealand, but they are in clinical use or available in a growing number of territories, including the UK, EU, US and China.  Donanemab and Lecanemab have been licensed in Australia this year but are not subsidised.  Donanemab currently costs approximately $A 4700 per infusion every four weeks over the 18-month treatment course.  

(iii) Advances in diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease are discussed in a recently published  three-part  on-line Lancet series if you are interested in more detail.   In the meantime, your local Health Pathways has a section on Cognitive Impairment that includes available assessment, management and support services advice.    

7.  Interesting bits from Research Review

(i) A New Zealand study NZ comparing NT-proBNP levels in Pacific peoples, Māori, and NZ Europeans with heart failure found that after adjustment for ethnicity, age, sex, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, ejection fraction and presence of AF, while levels in European and Māori were not statistically different, For each decade of life over 60 years, plasma NT-proBNP levels in patients with HF were a mean 67% lower in Pacific peoples than in aged-matched NZ Europeans suggesting we might have to use different normal ranges according to ethnicity. 

(ii)  A US study looking at varenicline (Champix) for youth nicotine vaping cessation used the standard smoking cessation varenicline regime or placebo with either text messaging support or weekly counselling plus text messaging support in a 12 week trial.  Continuous abstinence rates in the last month of treatment were 51%(V) vs 14%(P) and at 6-month follow-up 28%(V) vs 7%(P).  Results were similar for the text only versus text + counselling groups.  Treatment-emergent adverse events did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: Varenicline, when added to brief cessation counselling, is well tolerated and promotes nicotine vaping cessation compared with placebo in youth with addiction to vaped nicotine. Note this would be off-label prescribing in NZ and NZF includes a warning to monitoring for neuropsychiatric adverse effects including suicidality in patients prescribed varenicline.  

(iii) A multicentre, double-blind randomised controlled trial from China published in JAMA Internal Medicine  compared vitamin K2 (185mcg nocte) with placebo for management of nocturnal leg cramps.  The medication was taken every day for eight weeks and those in the K2 arm experienced a significantly lower number of weekly nocturnal leg cramps versus placebo with significantly greater reductions in cramp severity and duration.  There were no reported adverse events.  Vitamin K2 is readily available over the counter or on-line.  There is a possible interaction between Vitamin K2 and warfarin with potential to decrease the INR. 

The New Zealand General Practice Podcast

opotikigp family medicine, general practice, Healthcare, rural, Uncategorized , , , , , ,

https://open.spotify.com/episode/5zPf8bAGVqeeIKF9sGd7zT?si=xGcqfnVjRaGp8jhaCPrbeg

Clinical Snippets October 2025

Clinical Snippets October 2025

1. Suicide prevention

(i) A recent Goodfellow Gem drew attention to the NHS guidance Staying safe from suicide (2025) which includes references to NICE Guideline NG225: Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence.  Of note, the NICE guideline strongly advises against the use of risk assessment tools and scales, or global risk stratification into low, medium, or high risk, to predict future suicide or repetition of self-harm or to determine who should or should not be offered treatment or be discharged. 

(ii) The NHS guidance has 10 key principles:

  • relational safety: build and maintain trusting, collaborative therapeutic relationships. These are the strongest predictor of good clinical outcomes
  • biopsychosocial approach: address safety as part of a broad biopsychosocial approach aimed at improving overall well-being by considering biological, psychological and social aspects
  • safety assessment and formulation: reach a shared understanding with the individual about safety and changeable factors that may affect this
  • safety management and planning: consider the need for immediate action and work with the individual to navigate safety and the factors impacting this over time.
  • dynamic understanding: regularly assess and adapt formulations and safety plans based on the individual’s changing needs and circumstances
  • evidence-based practice: base work on the latest research and understand population-level risk trends
  • involving others: encourage the involvement of trusted others, where possible and as appropriate
  • inclusivity: Ensure practices are inclusive and adaptable, particularly for marginalised and high-risk groups
  • clear communication: use simple language tailored to the individual and don’t use jargon. Use interpreters or approaches like drawing, if needed
  • continuous improvement: regularly review and refine approaches based on outcomes and feedback

(iii) A written, prioritised list of coping strategies and/or sources of support that the person who has self-harmed can use to help alleviate a crisis. Components can include recognising warning signs, listing coping strategies, involving friends and family members, contacting mental health services, and limiting access to self-harm methods.  The NZ Mental Health Foundation provides an editable Personal Safety Plan which is also available as hard copy.  Other suicide related resources are also available.   

(iv) Community Health Pathways has sections on Suicide Prevention in Adults and Suicide Prevention in young People.  The Pathways do currently include risk stratification but also emphasise the most important priorities are to engage the patient, provide hope, and look at ways to keep them safe. Hopelessness has a high correlation with eventual suicide.  The Pathway also emphasises the importance of building a strong therapeutic alliance by:

  • Communicating empathy and understanding for patient’s extreme suffering.
  • Providing reassurance that recovery is possible.
  • Reinforcing the patient’s help-seeking behaviour in coming to see you for treatment.

2. Ondansetron in pediatric gastroenteritis

Issue 259 of GP Research Review looked at a double blind study published in NEJM in which just over 1000 children between the ages of 6 months to <18 years with acute gastroenteritis associated vomiting whose carers were provided with 6 doses of oral ondansetron or placebo at the time of ED discharge, with instructions to use in the case of ongoing vomiting. Outcomes were measured in symptom continuation and deterioration, duration, total number of vomiting episodes and the need for further medical intervention. In the 7 days after enrolment, those prescribed ondansetron had significantly less chance of deterioration and reduced episodes of vomiting. Adverse events were balanced between study arms. Take-home message: Ondansetron is effective in reducing vomiting from gastroenteritis in those aged between 6 months and 18 years. NZFC notes acute gastroenteritis-related vomiting associated with dehydration is an indication for a single dose of ondansetron in children. 

3.  HIPC Rule 11

A recent issue of NZ Doctor contained an article from the office of the Privacy Commissioner on Rule 11 of the HIPC which links to last month’s discussion around suicide prevention.   

The question is presented: When a patient insists that their parents not be told about what’s going on in their life, but you think their mental health is at risk and parental support could lessen that threat, what should you do?  If a patient refuses consent to share their health information, but a GP believes their safety is at risk, Rule 11 of the Health Information Privacy Code may allow the doctor to act.

Rule 11 of the HIPC permits the disclosure of health information if it is necessary to prevent or lessen a serious threat to the life or health of any person, or to public health or safety (the serious threat exception). In each case, specific requirements must be met for the serious threat exception to apply. If another piece of legislation requires or allows you to share the health information in question, you should rely on that legislation rather than Rule 11. For example, if sharing is permitted by the Oranga Tamariki Act 1989 you should rely on that as your authority. You don’t need to also make an assessment under Rule 11.

If no other piece of legislation applies, you need to assess the disclosure under Rule 11. There are four steps to work through.

(i) Has the person authorised you to share their health information?  If yes you can release information as agreed with the person.  

(ii) If you do not have authorisation, it reasonably practical to seek authorisation? For the serious threat exception to apply, you need to have reasonable grounds to believe that it is not desirable or practical to seek the individual’s authorisation. If you request authorisation to disclose the information but the individual does not grant it, you must consider why the authorisation was not granted and whether it is appropriate to proceed with the steps. If the threat is serious enough, you might find that it outweighs the need for authorisation. If it is not desirable or practicable to seek authorisation, go to step three.

(iii) Is there a serious threat to the life or health of a person?

The serious threat exception applies to serious threats to the life or health of the person whose information it is, that of any other person, or public health or safety. When considering whether there is a serious threat, you need to use your clinical judgement to assess the likelihood of the threat occurring, the seriousness of the threat and the harm that could eventuate and the imminence of the threat. If the threat does not meet the “serious threat” threshold, you cannot rely on this exception. If there is a serious threat, go to step four.

(iv) Is the disclosure to someone who can help lessen or prevent the threat?

You can only disclose health information under this exception if you are sharing the information with someone who can help lessen or prevent the threat, and only as much information as is needed to do so. For example, if you have gone through these four steps and concluded that involvement from a patient’s loved one in their care would lessen the threat, you should still only share as much information as is necessary to do that.

As always, it will be crucial to document your decision-making process. It may help to record the answer to the four steps sequentially in your notes as you are deciding on the best course of action, as well as your rationale for these answers.  The full guidance on this exception is available in the resources and learning section at privacy.org.nz.

4. Long-acting insulin

  • A recent Tools for Practice from the College of Family Physicians of Canada looked at the evidence comparing once-weekly insulin icodec (Awiqli) compared to daily long-acting insulins in type 2 diabetes?  The bottom line was that once-weekly insulin icodec is as effective as daily long-acting insulin (glargine or degludec) in lowering HbA1c. Safety and hypoglycemia risk appear similar, though data are limited for patients or situations at risk for hypoglycemia such as sick days or in frail patients. 
  • Insulin icodec is not yet approved for use in New Zealand but is approved in Australia for type 2 diabetes in adults and adult type 1 diabetes with some restrictions.   Insulin icodec (Awiqli™ 700 units/mL, 2100units/pen) is an ultra-long-acting insulin.  In insulin naive patients, initial recommended dosage is 70 units once per week, equivalent to 10 units daily. Maximum dose per injection 700 units. When switching from another long-acting insulin, use the equivalent total weekly dose but a one-time 50% higher loading dose may be considered.  However, it may be a while before it is approved in New Zealand – it is more expensive than other long-acting insulins.  Approximate costs per month for 40 units/day or 280/week: Glargine: $70; Degludec: $100; Icodec: $115  NZD equivalent. 

5. Insomnia medication

The Research Review Educational Series has published an update on recent advances in the management of insomnia.  Behaviour therapy is the recommended first line treatment for insomnia with hypnotics being used as adjunctive or alternative therapy. Health Pathways has a comprehensive summary of accepted insomnia management practices. 

The publication reviews the various available hypnotics including dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) which are a newer class of hypnotic. In December 2024, the Minister of Health consented to the distribution of the DORA lemborexant (Dayvigo®) in New Zealand for treatment of insomnia in adults. The following ‘take home’ messages relate to lemborexant. 

  • RCTs, meta-analyses and network analyses have shown lemborexant has favourable efficacy and side effect profiles compared to placebo and benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Lemborexant significantly reduced time to sleep onset and increased overall sleep time compared to placebo and zolpidem at 1 month, and compared to placebo at 6 months with these effects maintained to 12 months.
  • Discontinuation of lemborexant therapy was not associated with rebound insomnia and lemborexant did not significantly impair next-day memory or driving, compared to placebo and benzodiazepine agonist receptors.
  • Lemborexant was well tolerated with a TEAE (treatment emergent adverse event) rate similar to placebo.  TEAEs most commonly associated with lemborexant are somnolence, headache, nightmares and/or abnormal dreams. A single retrospective study found Lemborexant was associated with a lower rate of falls in hospitalised patients compared to benzodiazepine receptor agonists.
  • Information on dosing and precautions is available in NZ Formulary and the Medsafe data sheet.  The drug is not currently subsidised and is an unapproved medicine (s29).   The Better Sleep Clinic website has a page dedicated to comparing the various medications used in insomnia management which might be a useful resource for patients.  The cost of a four week supply of Lemborexant in NZ (Pharmacy Direct) is $113 for the 5mg tab and $143 for the 10mg tab. 
  • There is a recent Goodfellow Gem briefly summarising relevant prescribing data 

6. Triple therapy for COPD

A recent NZ Doctor article on triple therapy for COPD  includes the following take home points:

  • For mild COPD, monotherapy with a bronchodilator is usually adequate; start a regular LAMA early; if symptoms increase, add a LABA.
  • An eosinophil count ≥0.3×109/L helps identify people with frequent exacerbations who are most likely to respond to an ICS.
  • If an ICS is indicated, it should be part of triple therapy (ICS + LAMA + LABA not ICS + LABA).
  • Strongly recommend vaccinations (encourage the unfunded vaccines, especially pneumococcal) and pulmonary rehabilitation (refresher course every two to three years).
  • The debate around the benefits and risks of therapy for COPD involves the place of inhaled corticosteroids. When we had limited inhaled therapy options for COPD, many people with COPD were initiated on an ICS + LABA combination. Subsequently, different phenotypes of COPD have been identified, and those with frequent exacerbations (two or more exacerbations in 12 months) have been shown to have fewer exacerbations when on an ICS. Those without frequent exacerbations derive no benefit but are at increased risk of adverse effects from ICS therapy, such as pneumonia.

7. Resource – iron studies and anaemia

A recent Research Review Educations Series titled What the ferritin? Is well worth an hour of CME.  It covers the basics of iron metabolism and then the various blood test used to asses iron status.  There is a very helpful table to aid distinguishing iron deficiency from anaemia of chronic disease and an acute phase reaction, and algorithms aiding differentiation of absolute versus functional iron deficiency.  The importance of investigating an underlying cause of absolute or functional iron deficiency is emphasised.  Take home messages include:

  • Low serum iron is not a reliable indicator of depleted iron stores (diurnal variation and inter-individual variation, sensitive to recent iron intake, acute and chronic illness.
  • Low transferrin saturation (TSAT) with low ferritin is consistent with iron deficiency (ID). High TSAT with high ferritin indicates iron overload. TSAT alone is not a reliable marker of iron status.
  • A normal or raised serum ferritin level does not necessarily exclude ID; it is important to distinguish between absolute and functional ID, especially in patients with inflammation or chronic disease.  However, serum ferritin is a sensitive and specific test for ID.  Low ferritin levels are highly specific for ID; high ferritin levels do not necessarily indicate iron overload.
  • The reticulocyte haemoglobin equivalent RET-He test is a rapid, inexpensive indicator of ID in chronic disease.
  • If patients are started on oral iron replacement therapy, they should be checked at 6 weeks to ensure the medication is being tolerated and that haemoglobin levels are increasing.  Patients who receive IV iron replacement therapy should have a full blood count at 2–3 months post-infusion to check for haemoglobin normalisation. 

8.  Follow-ups

(i)  Adult ADHD management:  MyHealthHub has hosted a webinar ADHD in Adults – the Primary Care Perspective by Auckland psychiatrist Dr Sidesh Phaldessai.  The hour-long webinar is eligible for PD points and explores explore the diagnosis, referral, management and long-term care of adult ADHD.  Dr Phaldessai is also hosting an online Adult ADHD GP Masterclass which is a series of six webinars 7.30pm-8.30pm every Wednesday from 22 October until 26 November 2025 covering all aspects of adult ADHD diagnosis and management.  It is RNZCGP endorsed (12 CME points) and if you are unable to attend on the given date and time – the webinar will be recorded and you can access it later. 

(ii)  Further to a discussion in the last Snippets regarding medications that can affect the QTc interval, Christchurch Medicines Information Service have recently published a succinct 2-page bulletin on the issue including predisposing risk factors, culprit drugs and drug interactions and how best to manage the risk.   There are links to the CredibleMeds website which enables you to search individual medications and categorises them as:

  • Known Risk of Torsade de Pointes (TdP) – These drugs prolong the QT interval AND are clearly associated with a known risk of TdP, even when taken as recommended.
  • Possible Risk of TdP – These drugs can cause QT prolongation BUT currently lack evidence for a risk of TdP when taken as recommended.
  • Conditional Risk of TdP – These drugs are associated with TdP BUT only under certain conditions of their use (e.g. excessive dose, in patients with conditions such as hypokalemia, or when taken with interacting drugs) OR by creating conditions that facilitate or induce TdP (e.g. by inhibiting metabolism of a QT-prolonging drug or by causing an electrolyte disturbance that induces TdP).
  • Drugs to Avoid in Congenital Long QT Syndrome (cLQTS) – These drugs pose a high risk of TdP for patients with cLQTS and include all those in the above three categories (KR, PR & CR) PLUS additional drugs that do not prolong the QT interval per se but which have a Special Risk (SR) because of their other actions.

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Clinical Snippets September 2025

https://open.spotify.com/episode/5i9wUuxH5kdEXCzrK0pgjQ?si=3uXdYDZxQM6nMjlenuMYOQ

Clinical Snippets September 2025

1. Malnutrition

A recent issue of NZ Doctor reviewed detection and management of adult malnutrition (Malnutrition Awareness Week ran from 8-12 September), noting it can be difficult to detect and is often overlooked in primary care. 

(i) Key risk factors include:

  • older age (especially 75+)
  • chronic conditions (eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, dementia)
  • polypharmacy and medication side effects
  • poor appetite or early satiety
  • chewing or swallowing difficulties
  • living alone, poverty or reduced mobility, especially in older adults
  • recent hospital admissions or unexplained weight loss.

(ii) Start with the basics – ask patients:

  • Have you lost weight without trying in the last three to six months?
  • Have you been eating less than usual?
  • Have you noticed your clothes or belts fitting more loosely?

(iii) Routinely document:

  • weight and height so it is easy to see if weight has changed over time
  • changes in appetite, energy or function
  • illness or social factors affecting food intake (eg, living situation, money to buy food).

(iv) Use a validated screening tool

  • Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) assesses BMI, unplanned weight loss and acute disease effect, and is available online. It categorises risk as low, medium or high.
  • MNA-SF is designed for older adults (65+) and includes six questions on appetite, mobility, recent illness, weight loss and BMI. It can be completed by health professional or patients

(v) Refer to a registered dietitian if the patient is:

  • identified as being at high risk of malnutrition (using a validated screening tool)
  • experiencing unintentional weight loss of greater than 5 per cent in three to six months
  • eating poorly due to illness, nausea, swallowing issues, poor dentition or depression
  • recently discharged from hospital after a nutrition-impacting condition
  • living with a long-term condition that affects eating or nutrient absorption
  • unable to meet nutritional needs with food alone.

Do not wait for laboratory results. Malnutrition is a clinical diagnosis, and blood tests are not required to refer.

(vi) Health Pathways have a dedicated section Weight and Nutrition in Older Adults

2. Breast Screening Extension

Te Whatu Ora has announced an extension to the national breast screening programme.

(i) Extending the age for breast screening across New Zealand in year one will only apply to 2 age groups: 70 and 74-year-olds (except for the pilot district of Nelson and Marlborough which started 1 October 2024)

As of 1 October 2025:

  • Women who turn 70 on or after 1 October 2025 are eligible for free mammograms every 2 years (from their last screen) until aged 75.  Note: some women may have screened at 69 and won’t be due again at 70
  • Women who are 70 to 74 before 1 October 2025 are eligible for one final screen at age 74, if booked before turning 75

(ii) Extending the age (to include all women up to the age of 74) will be fully in place by the end of 2029. This phased approach will enable breast screening and cancer treatment services to progressively meet the additional demand.

(iii) Women aged 70 and 74 will be automatically identified through the new online breast screening system called Te Puna .  A BreastScreen Aotearoa provider will then send them a personalised link to enrol/re-enrol and to book a mammogram. This is a shift away from an opt-in to an opt-out enrolment approach.

(iv) Design and construction work for three additional fixed locations is expected to be ready in time for the age extension national rollout, and another two in 2026. Mammography, ultrasound machines and three additional mammography semi-trailers are also on order. Additional funding for treatment costs related to the age extension are planned.

(v)  The Te Puna website notes GPs and primary care professionals are encouraged to talk with their patients aged 45 to 69 (and women aged 70 and 74 from 1 October 2025) to enrol/re-enrol and to book a mammogram when they receive their secure personalised link.  GPs are also requested to keep referring their patients aged 45 – 69 years (plus women aged 70 and 74 from 1 October 2025*) through current processes to ensure all eligible women are invited.

3.  Serum oestradiol

The BMS Tool for Clinicians, released in July 2025 by the British Menopause Society (BMS), provides guidance on measuring serum estradiol in the menopause transition, emphasizing that a single estradiol level is not sufficient to gauge menopause hormone therapy (MHT) effectiveness or manage symptoms.  Some points from the 13-page document summarised in GP Notebook include:

4. Equity focus – anticoagulant monitoring

Issue 116 of Maori Health Review examined a recent NZMJ article on anticoagulation management and poor clinical outcomes in tamariki and rangatahi with rheumatic heart disease following mechanical valve replacement surgery in Counties Manukau

  • This was an observational study conducted in the Counties Manukau region between 2016 and 2021. A total of 53 individuals were included, of whom 19% were Māori and 81% were Pacific peoples. Median age at time of first mechanical valve surgery was 15 years (range 4-23 years), and the median duration of anticoagulation was 4 years (range 0.5-18 years). Monitoring was most commonly carried out via the community laboratory service and general practitioner.
  • Overall, 38 individuals had at least one anticoagulation-related hospitalisation. Reasons for the 80 anticoagulation-related hospitalisation events were subtherapeutic INR without clinical complication (52%), supratherapeutic INR without clinical complication (15%), haemorrhage (14%), stroke (9%), other thromboembolic event (6%), and prosthetic valve thrombosis (4%). Five deaths occurred over the study period.
  • The authors concluded that urgent efforts are required to improve services for anticoagulation monitoring and management in young adults following mechanical valve surgery for rheumatic heart disease.  What are the barriers to optimum INR management in this group and how might they be best addressed?

5.  Prostate cancer screening and DRE

Best Practice Bulletin 128 includes an interesting Practice Focus on the question Prostate cancer screening – to DRE or not to DRE?

  • Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in males in New Zealand, and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Performing a digital rectal examination (DRE) for prostate cancer screening is often considered best practice in New Zealand, alongside PSA testing. However, recommendations vary between international guidelines.
  • An article published in the British Journal of General Practice (BJGP) last year questioned the value of DRE in prostate cancer screening and raised concerns about the procedure representing a barrier to males seeking care for prostate-related issues. The British Association of Urological Surgeons in association with Prostate Cancer UK, has since issued a statement (June, 2025), that DRE is no longer considered a useful screening test for prostate cancer. There have been no changes to the recommendations in New Zealand at this stage.
  • The statement states evidence shows that fear of rectal exams is the greatest barrier to men taking action by talking to their GP about the PSA blood test. Different research from Prostate Cancer UK found that in a group of more than 2,000 men, 60% were concerned about having a rectal exam. Of those, 37% would not speak to a GP about prostate worries because they feared the DRE.  Even worse, Black men — who have twice the risk of getting prostate cancer and dying from it — report that they feel an even greater stigma about rectal exams.
  • My favourite AI source states DRE is not recommended as a primary screening test for prostate cancer due to its poor diagnostic accuracy and limited impact on cancer-related morbidity or mortality. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses demonstrate that DRE has low sensitivity (approximately 51%) and specificity (approximately 59%) for prostate cancer detection, and its positive predictive value is particularly poor in men with low or normal PSA levels.

6.  Release of 16 optimal cancer care pathways

The Cancer Control Agency | Te Aho o Te Kahu has published 16 Optimal Cancer Care Pathways (OCCPs) for eight solid tumours and eight blood cancers that affect people in Aotearoa New Zealand.

 The OCCPs are pathways that describe contemporary best practice for the delivery of optimal cancer care by tumour type. Each OCCP has been designed in partnership with the sector:

  • With the needs of the person and their whānau (family) at the heart
  • To reflect the best service capabilities available in New Zealand
  • To provide a national expectation of equitable, high-quality, timely, and evidence-based cancer prevention and care for all New Zealanders.

7.  FIT Symptomatic Pathway

  • The implementation of the FIT for Symptomatic clinical pathway in the Waikato District went live last month.  The pathway is a new model of care for patients referred from primary care with bowel symptoms.  Patients will be triaged and graded by a clinician as usual, and will be graded for urgent colonoscopy, non-urgent colonoscopy, to be seen in clinic, or declined. Some of the patients graded as non-urgent will be sent a FIT test kit as part of the triage process.  Patients who are triaged as urgent or not suitable for the FIT test will proceed to colonoscopy or clinic without the requirement to complete the FIT test.
  • Patients with a negative FIT result, unless otherwise stated at the initial triage by the grader, will be returned to primary care without being offered a colonoscopy. They will receive a discharge letter advising them that if their symptoms become more severe or persist for more than six weeks, they are to make another appointment promptly with their GP/ health care provider.
  • Within the FIT for Symptomatic Register, patients will be flagged if they have been sent a bowel screening kit or are due to be sent one in the next 30 days.  Within the FIT for Symptomatic pathway there are patient touch points to support the patient to return the FIT KIT if a result is not received.
  • The National Bowel Screening Programme FIT threshold for a positive test result is ≥200ng Hb/ml buffer while the threshold for the FIT for Symptomatic clinical pathway is ≥50ng Hb/ml. When tested on the New Zealand population the diagnostic accuracy was comparable to previous studies in the UK.  Using a threshold of 50ng Hb/ml buffer the sensitivity was 91% and the specificity was 83%. The negative predictive value is 99.6% for a threshold of ≤50ng Hb/mL buffer with the number needed to scope to identify one bowel cancer if the FIT threshold is ≤50ng Hb/mL buffer being 280. 
  • You need to advise the patient that they are being referred for a bowel assessment and they may be offered a FIT test.
  • Provide them with the patient information sheet that will be available on HealthPathways and on HealthEd (various languages and print sizes), confirm their address and identify any support needs on referral.
  • Please also advise the patient that if they receive a negative FIT result but continue to have persistent symptoms to return to you, their GP or nurse practitioner.
  • Please consider if the practice needs to actively contact a FIT negative patient at six weeks (having received a discharged letter). There are many barriers to symptom presentation and being advised you don’t need a colonoscopy may subtly add to these.

8.  Oral iron tablets

  • Pharmac has announced a supply issue affecting ferrous sulfate 325 mg modified-release tablets (Ferrograd) due to a change in manufacturer and price. Ferrograd tabs are expected to go out of stock in early September and no alternative equivalent brand is available. No new patients can be prescribed ferrous sulfate tablets from 1st September, 2025, and this formulation will be delisted from the Pharmaceutical Schedule on 1st March, 2026.
  • Ferrous fumarate 200 mg (Ferro-tab) is an alternative oral iron supplement although it is an immediate-release formulation and lower elemental iron dose than Ferrograd, and some patients may require dosing up to three times daily, as opposed to once daily with Ferrograd (see NZF for dosing instructions). However, ferrous fumarate may be better tolerated by some patients.

9.  Standing orders for adrenaline for authorised vaccinators

  • A recent statement from the Immunisation Advisory Centre confirms that while there has been no change to the Medicines Regulations 1984, authorised vaccinators administering adrenaline for post-vaccination anaphylaxis require a prescription or a Standing Order.
  • Vaccinator authorisation is enabled under the Medicines Regulations 1984 (44A), which does not include authorisation to administer adrenaline. Previously, administration of adrenaline by authorised vaccinators was understood to have been covered by vaccinator authorisation.
  • Adrenaline is not a prescription medicine; however, it is a restricted (pharmacist-only) medicine and its administration by non-prescribing registered healthcare professionals (other than pharmacists) requires a prescription or a Standing Order.

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August 2025 Clinical Snippets

Clinical Snippets August 2025

1. Desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis in children

A recent PEARL from the Cochrane organisation  looked at the effectiveness of desmopressin for treating nocturnal enuresis in children.  It was noted the overall quality of evidence in the studies reviewed was low to very low. 

  • The bottom line was thatdesmopressin may reduce the mean number of wet nights per week by 1–2 compared with placebo, with higher doses potentially offering greater benefit. Its effectiveness compared with alarm therapy or tricyclics is unclear. Combining desmopressin with alarm training probably reduces the number of wet nights per week compared with desmopressin alone.
  • Desmopressin probably results in an increase in the number of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment compared with placebo. Its effectiveness compared with alarm therapy or tricyclics remains uncertain for this outcome. Combining desmopressin with alarm training or anticholinergics may increase the number of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment compared with desmopressin alone.
  • Health Pathways have a helpful Enuresis in Children pathway that notes medications for primary nocturnal enuresis are rarely indicated.  With respect to desmopressin, the Pathway notes:
  • 60 to 70% of patients will respond
    • Response not sustained on drug withdrawal
    • Safety concerns regarding water intoxication: Hyponatraemia, cerebral oedema, convulsions; Small number of deaths in the USA occurred in otherwise healthy children on desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis.  Oral formulation safer than intranasal
    • Minimise risk by using lowest effective dose and restricting fluid from 1 hour prior to 8 hours post-dose
    • Consider for short-term use on nights away from home: 1 to 2-week trial period at home is suggested first to determine if response is adequate.
    • Discrete use of padded pull-up underpants may prove a safer and more effective alternative.
    • Desmopressin tablets and wafers are fully funded without special authority
    • For longer term use, a specialist review is suggested. An alarm programme should either have been trialled first or considered inappropriate due to child or family circumstances.
  • The NZ Formulary for Children emphasises the potential risk of hyponatraemia due to fluid overload noting patients being treated for primary nocturnal enuresis or nocturia should be warned to avoid fluid overload (including ingesting water during swimming) and to stop taking desmopressin during an acute illness with fever, vomiting or diarrhoea (until fluid balance is normal). The risk of hyponatraemia can also be minimised by keeping to the recommended starting doses.

2. Prescriber Update

The September 2025 issue of Prescriber Update includes a few pertinent reminders:

(i)  Fluoroquinolones: There is another reminder that fluoroquinolones have been associated with prolonged, disabling, and potentially persistent/irreversible serious adverse reactions, including tendonitis/tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy and psychiatric reactions including psychosis or depression leading to suicidal ideation.  Only prescribe fluoroquinolones when other antibiotics normally used for the infection are inappropriate and advise patients to promptly report any symptoms/signs of an adverse reaction.

(ii) Macrolides: At the June 2025 meeting it was recommended all macrolide antibiotics should include the increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes on the Medsafe data sheet (currently only listed for clarithromycin). Meta-analyses and large cohort studies indicate that macrolide use is associated with a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of sudden cardiac death or ventricular tachyarrhythmia compared to non-macrolide antibiotics, with an absolute risk increase of approximately 118 additional events per 1 million treatment courses.  The risk is highest during the first week of therapy and is largely confined to the duration of treatment. It is most pronounced with erythromycin and clarithromycin, while azithromycin also carries risk but to a lesser extent. Roxithromycin appears to have a lower risk profile.  Patients with underlying cardiac disease or those taking concomitant QT-prolonging medications are at increased risk. 

(iii) Adult ADHD medication:    There is a several page section on adult ADHD medication noting psychiatric effects, cardiovascular effects, and risk of seizures should all be considered when prescribing these medicines.  Some specific statements include:

  • Treatment of ADHD with stimulants should not be initiated in patients with acute psychosis, acute mania, acute suicidality or signs of suicidal tendency. Monitor patients for onset or exacerbation of aggressive behaviour which may occur during treatment.
  • Do not use lisdexamfetamine in individuals with tics or Tourette’s syndrome.  Methylphenidate is associated with the onset or exacerbation of motor and verbal tics, including worsening of Tourette’s syndrome. There have been reports of tics with atomoxetine.
  • Adults with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious cardiac problems (eg, cardiomyopathy, heart rhythm abnormalities) should not be treated with these medicines.  Some patients can have clinically relevant increases in blood pressure or heart rate so regularly review blood pressure and cardiovascular status during treatment.
  • Additional potential adverse effects mentioned include lowered seizure threshold, risk of serotonin syndrome when co-administered with other serotonergic agents, risk of abuse and (with atomoxetine) risk of liver injury. 

(iv)  Pisa Syndrome:  Pisa syndrome refers to an abnormal posture characterised by involuntary leaning to one side when upright (>10 degrees constant lateral flexion). The person may have difficulty walking and standing up straight. 

  • Anticholinesterase inhibitors and antipsychotics are the most frequently reported medicines associated with Pisa syndrome.  Some antidepressants, anti-Parkinson agents, lithium and valproate have also been implicated.
  • Medicine-induced Pisa syndrome may appear months to years after starting the medicine. It usually resolves after stopping the suspected medicine or lowering the dose. 

3.  ADHD resources

4.  National Community Referral Criteria for Imaging

Te Whatu Ora has introduced mandatory national criteria for Community Referred Radiology (CRR) from 1 September 2025, replacing the previous regionally adapted framework. These changes aim to standardise access and improve equity nationwide. Key changes include:

  • national, non-modifiable criteria
  • expanded referral eligibility (now includes GPs, urgent care doctors, and nurse practitioners)
  • defined priority timeframes (e.g. acute, urgent, 2–6 weeks)
  • new triage and liaison roles to support referrals
  • digital tracking and integration with ERMS, BPAC, and HealthLink
  • clear responsibilities for follow-up and service provision

The 114 page document is available here with a supporting explanatory document  for primary care also available. 

There is a Goodfellow Unit webinar Navigating radiology: Referral to result taking place on Tuesday evening 30 September.  This is advertised as:  Learn about the new Community Radiology Programme and Regional Hubs, including the tools and context to confidently refer under the new system.

5.   CT Imaging and Cancer Risk

Issue 20 of GP Practice Review included a study published recently in JAMA  on the projected lifetime cancer risks from current CT imaging in the USA.  The review notes that CT is an extremely useful medical imaging test however the risk of cancer associated with the exposure to ionising radiation used to perform the procedure is unknown. These researchers estimated the number of future cancers that could result from the 93 million CT scans performed in the United States in 2023. The risk model projected that CT scans in 2023 could result in approximately 103,000 future cancers. The per-examination cancer risks were higher in children and adolescents, but higher CT utilisation in adults meant that most of the projected cancers would occur in adults. These findings suggest that if current CT utilisation practices continue in the United States, CT-associated cancers could potentially comprise 5% of all new cancer diagnoses annually. Lung cancer and colon cancer were projected to be the two cancers to be increased the most due to CT scan exposure.  The reviewer notes This study provides interesting information regarding the cancer risk associated with CT scans. Many patients are unlikely to consider the risks associated with medical imaging, including of incidental findings. This paper will help to guide discussions with patients by emphasising that medical imaging is not a benign intervention and that careful consideration regarding how any result will guide management is required before referring a patient for any imaging procedure.

6.  Covid-19 antiviral eligibility

Pharmac has announced that from 1 September 2025, the COVID-19 antivirals nirmatrelvir with ritonavir (branded as Paxlovid) and remdesivir (branded as Veklury) will be funded for people aged 50 years or over with an active COVID-19 infection who are at high risk of hospitalisation or death from COVID-19.

This decision will improve access to these COVID-19 antivirals for people aged between 50 and 65 years who are high risk and not already eligible under the other access criteria. People who can currently access funded antivirals will continue to have access to them under the updated criteria and the Pharmac Paxlovid access criteria assessment tool has been updated to reflect the new criteria.

BPAC have recently released a supporting article that discusses what patients may be at increased risk of hospitalisation, with a table of various morbidities that might be considered.  The article concludes:

In general, consider COVID-19 antivirals in a patient aged 50 – 64 years if they have any of the following factors:

  • Māori or Pacific ethnicity
  • Socioeconomic deprivation that means they do not have a stable setting in which to recover from COVID-19, or a reliable means of caring for themselves, seeking help or responding to follow up
  • Are not fully vaccinated against COVID-19 (primary course) and never had COVID-19 before
  • One or two of the medical co-morbidities from Table 1 if there is clinical concern about the effect on recovery from COVID-19

7. Reminder re hyperkalaemia

A recent NZ Doctor article reviewed causes of hyperkalaemia.

(i) Impaired renal function – for individuals with pre-existing impaired renal function, serum potassium levels may be elevated. These individuals are more susceptible to hyperkalaemia if they become dehydrated or take medicines that have a detrimental additive effect on serum potassium levels.

(ii) Dietary factors – it is worth exploring whether any dietary changes could increase serum potassium levels, particularly during the fruit seasons (eg, bananas, oranges, avocados and tomatoes).

(iii) ACE inhibitors and ARBs – these are among the most commonly recognised potential causes of hyperkalaemia, particularly if a person is unwell and reduces fluid intake, leading to dehydration.  Additionally, there are possible interactions with other medicines, such as NSAIDs, trimethoprim/co-trimoxazole and potassium-sparing diuretics (eg, amiloride and spironolactone).

(iv) Potassium-sparing diuretics – potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride reduce the passive renal excretion of potassium. It is important to note that this action differs from that of spironolactone (and eplerenone), which is an aldosterone antagonist. Importantly, in heart failure, the renin–aldosterone–angiotensin system is activated, highlighting the specific benefit of spironolactone and its lesser risk of hyperkalaemia in heart failure.

(v) Beta-blockers – This adverse effect is primarily seen with non-selective beta-blockers Carvedilol is non-selective, and although metoprolol is a selective beta-blocker, hyperkalaemia has been observed with it. Bisoprolol is usually considered the most cardioselective beta-blocker. The hyperkalaemia seen with beta-blockers is usually mild and dose related.

(vi) Trimethoprim – reduces the passive renal excretion of potassium. The interaction between trimethoprim/co-trimoxazole used for over 10 days and ACE inhibitors/ARBs or spironolactone is significant and may be overlooked.

(vii) NSAIDs – can cause hypoaldosteronism, and hence reduce potassium excretion, but may also contribute by reducing kidney function.

8. Widened access to meningococcal B vaccine

Pharmac has announced that from 1st September, 2025, access to the meningococcal B vaccine (Bexsero) will be widened to include all children aged under five years. Currently, meningococcal B vaccination is funded for children up to age 12 months as part of the childhood immunisation programme; it is scheduled to be given as three doses, usually at ages three, five and 12 months. The timing of administration remains the same. A catch-up meningococcal B vaccination programme has also been available for children aged 13 – 59 months since March, 2023 but ends on 31st August, 2025. This change will replace the current catch-up programme, and means that all children aged under five years will be able to complete the full meningococcal B vaccination course if it was not done within the first 12 months of life.

Eligibility criteria for funded meningococcal B vaccination for older children and adults at high risk remain the same; click here for funding criteria.

9.  Resources

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Clinical Snippets July 2025

Clinical Snippets July 2025

1. Kawasaki disease

  • Issue 33 of Child Health Research Review reported a recently published study on the increasing incidence of Kawasaki disease and associated coronary aneurysm in Aotearoa New Zealand.  The study was undertaken in the Auckland region and revealed an overall incidence (per 100,000 per year under age 5 years) of 20.4 – highest in Asian (43.9) and Pacific (17.7) populations with little difference between NZ European (10.1) and Māori (8.3) populations.    Around 17% of children developed coronary artery aneurysm and this was more common in children under 1 year and Pacific children.
  • Starship Hospital has accessible guidelines on KD diagnosis and management which are worth reviewing.  The guidance notes that 85% of children with KD are under 5 years old, but it can occur in older children and adolescents. The most concerning complication is the development of CAA, which occurs in 20-25% of cases without treatment. Prompt treatment with IVIG reduces the risk of aneurysm. However, rates of coronary artery aneurysms, even with treatment, are increasing worldwide, with some studies reporting 30% of infants who have been treated with IVIG still developing a coronary artery aneurysm.
  • Diagnostic criteria include presence of fever for ≥5 days with core clinical features of truncal and limb rash which can present variably (maculopapular, scarlatiniform, erythema-multiforme like), conjunctival injection without exudate, mucositis with dry cracking lips and strawberry tongue, swelling and erythema of the extremities followed by peeling, and lymphadenopathy – usually cervical and unilateral.    These signs are no necessarily present all at once and some may appear while others disappear.  Children with KD are often unusually irritable, out of proportion to the other signs exhibited. They may also have a range of other non-specific symptoms and signs including abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dysuria and joint pain.
  • The illness may be classified as complete or incomplete KD depending on the number of core clinical features present and supplementary lab/echocardiograph data.  Prompt recognition and treatment is required to reduce the risk of coronary aneurysm, and the disease should also be considered in infants with isolated fever for 7 days in the absence of other core features. 

2. Weaning antidepressants

  • A recent Goodfellow Unit Gem  introduced the RELEASE (REdressing Long-tErm Antidepressant uSE) resources which have been officially recognised by The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. The resources include tapering plans for 15 of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants, including ‘slower’, ‘even slower’ and ‘faster’ tapering plans for most antidepressants
  • The tapering plans provide step-by-step instructions for slowly reducing antidepressant doses and information on how to access the mini doses used in tapering and include a brief intervention to prompt and support a discussion with people who have been taking antidepressants for longer than 12 months.  There are also printable information sheets and videos for patients to access.

3.   Firearms and GP phone number

  • A recent RNZCGP e-Pulse noted The Arms Act Amendment 2020 change requires firearms licence applicants to provide the contact details of their health practitioner.  The Firearms Safety Authority’s license application form asks for ‘Health Practitioner contact details’. There are two fields to fill in for a mobile phone number or alternative contact such as the practice’s telephone number.
  • Firearms licence applicants are only required to provide one of those options. Mobile phone number is not necessary – the practice number is sufficient.  Unfortunately, the current on-line registration form identifies the GP Mobile as a required field and Te Tari Pūreke (The Firearms Safety Authority) note work is underway as follows:
  • The existing mobile phone field on the digital form will be hidden.
    • The alternative phone field will be renamed to “Health practice phone number.”
    • They will engage their vendor to update the downloadable PDF form to have the mobile phone number field removed from the form.
  • In the meantime, they will remove the red asterisk from the mobile phone field in the digital form and update the grey italic instruction text beneath the mobile phone field label, to clarify that users only need to supply the practice number.  Further information for health practitioners regarding their responsibilities under the Arms Act is available on the Te Tari Pūreke website.   

4. Pediatric wrist buckle fractures

  • The Canadian College of Family Physicians Tools for Practice #390 looked at the evidence around immobilization of pediatric buckle (torus) fractures of the wrist.  The bottom line was that children with buckle fractures treated with a soft bandage, a rigid splint, or a cast all heal with minimal complications and similar functional outcomes and satisfaction at ~4-6 weeks.  Pain is similar at all time points though casting results in slight reduction on the first day.
  • The authors noted that NICE (UK) guidelines recommend soft bandage for buckle fractures, but no Canadian guidelines have been published.  Home management with family physician follow-up as needed results in similar outcomes to scheduled family physician follow-up. Importantly, greenstick fractures (cortex is fractured on one side and buckled on the other) generally require rigid immobilization.

5.  Carer Support

  • The Carer Support Subsidy for people with disabilities is funded by Disability Support Services. Carer Support is available for ‘full-time Carers’. A full-time Carer is the person who provides more than 4 hours per day unpaid care, for example, the wife of a husband who has dementia. The number of hours or days that Carer Support is funded for depends on their needs and those of the person they care for.
  • The Carer Support Subsidy is accessed by having a needs assessment from a Health NZ Needs Assessment Service Coordination (NASC) service, and GP, Mental Health Clinician or Specialist can support access to a Carer Support Subsidy by completing a Carer Support Registration Form. Paid family and whānau carers may also be eligible for Carer Support and will be advised of this by their NASC.
  • Use of the subsidy is governed by the Te Whatu Ora Carer Support Subsidy Purchasing Guidelines.  Examples of potentially eligible claims include: A contribution to the costs of substitute caring whilst the full-time carer takes a break (up to $80 per day);  Expenses that are a necessary part of supporting the disabled person while the full-time carer takes a break; One-off purchases of: Tablet devices. Noise cancelling headphones. Sensory items (such as fidget spinners etc.)   Weighted blankets.
  • You cannot claim for: Purchases of items as a form of delivering respite, except those listed above.  Self-care services such as massages, pedicures and other appearance or therapeutic care that are not for the direct benefit of the disabled person.  All expenses that are not a necessary part of supporting the disabled person while the full-time Carer is taking a break.  Gifts and other forms of recognition for support provided voluntarily.  Travel related costs for disabled people, whānau, and/or persons providing support, including: Accommodation; Overseas and domestic travel; Food.

6.  Mirena update

  • A couple of years ago we reported that Mirena had been approved in the UK for up to eight years for contraception.  The Mirena levonorgestrel intrauterine system is now approved in New Zealand for up to eight years for contraception. The Mirena data sheet has been updated to reflect this. No changes have been made to the licensed duration of use for other indications (heavy menstrual bleeding, endometrial protection in patients taking oestrogen replacement treatment); this remains at up to five years.
  • N.B. The manufacturer states that for heavy menstrual bleeding (idiopathic menorrhagia), if symptoms have not returned after five years of use, continued use of Mirena may be considered but it should be removed or replaced after eight years at the latest. For endometrial protection during oestrogen replacement treatment, Mirena should be removed or replaced after five years.
  • For further information on long-acting contraceptives, there is an excellent 2021 BPAC article available.  Note also Pharmac has announced that from 1 August 2025, Mirena and Jaydess IUDs will be available on a Practitioners Supply Order (PSO), allowing doctors and nurses to provide them directly during appointments.  Pharmac is also increasing the number of Jadelle contraceptive implants available on PSO.
  • Up to 25 Mirena IUDs, 10 Jaydess IUDs and 20 Jadelle paired implants can be ordered per PSO.

7.  Pharmac update eformoterol/budesonide inhalers

  • Pharmac has announced that from 1 August 2025, people using the 100/6 and 200/6 budesonide with eformoterol inhalers will be able to receive three-months supply all at once, reducing the need for multiple pharmacy visits.  These inhalers will also be available on a Practitioners Supply Order (PSO) (one of each per PSO). This means doctors and nurses will be able to keep it in their clinic for emergency use, teaching and demonstrations. They will also be able to give it to people if accessing a pharmacy isn’t practical.
  • The currently funded brands of budesonide with eformoterol combination inhalers are Symbicort Turbuhaler, DuoResp Spiromax (dry powder inhalers) and Vannair (metered dose inhaler). Changes relate to the 100/6 and 200/6 budesonide/eformoterol inhalers because these strengths are used in AIR and SMART therapies per the NZ adolescent and adult asthma guidelines.

8. Resources

  • Functional Neurological Disorder Aotearoa website: Contains a wealth of educational and local practical information for sufferers of FND and includes useful information for health professionals on supporting patients with FND.
  • Health Apps page on Healthify  – The NZ Health App Library, funded by Health New Zealand | Te Whatu Ora, is made up of apps that have been reviewed by experts, so patients can access reputable and reliable app-based information and support on a variety of conditions.  The library is searchable alphabetically and by category, with New Zealand based apps easily identifiable.
  • Christchurch Medicines Information Service has produced a guidance sheet on swapping patients from Saxenda (liraglutide) to Wegovy (semaglutide).  Semaglutide generally leads to greater weight loss than liraglutide, but may also cause more gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects (primarily nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea). When switching from liraglutide to semaglutide, a conservative approach is generally recommended, starting with comparatively lower doses of semaglutide, to help reduce the risk of GI adverse effects during the transition. No wash-out period is required; semaglutide can be started the day after stopping liraglutide.
  • Another resource for clinical guidance and queries is Open Evidence which aims to “tame the medical information firehose. We built OpenEvidence to aggregate, synthesize, and visualize clinically relevant evidence in understandable, accessible formats that can be used to make more evidenced-based decisions and improve patient outcomes”.  Partners include the JAMA journal network, NEJM and the Mayo Clinic Platform.  Registration is free (you need to upload a copy of your APC) and you can keep a record of your question history if you need it for MOPS

9. That’s interesting

Issue 254 of GP Research Review contained comment on some interesting papers:

(i)  Penicillin allergy testing with direct oral challenge in primary care – researchers from Michigan developed a protocol for a direct oral penicillin challenge using amoxicillin in patients identified as having a very low-risk penicillin allergy using the PEN-FAST allergy decision rule. All 49 patients had a successful negative direct oral challenge (500mg amoxicillin PO and observed for one hour with telephone follow-up at one week and one month), and all had their penicillin allergy removed from electronic health records.  

(ii)  A cross-sectional study on accuracy of urine dipstick for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in febrile infants aged 2 to 6 months concluded that urine dipstick testing had greater sensitivity and specificity than urine microscopy, at a white blood cell cut point of ≥7 cells per high-power field (sensitivity 90.2% vs. 83.9%, respectively; specificity 92.6% vs. 87.0%). The study involved 9387 febrile infants who underwent a catheterised urine culture, and 11% of these infants were found to have a UTI. The most common pathogen was Escherichia coli (88.4%). The reviewer’s take-home message: dipstick is accurate, but don’t forget to send the urine off for culture for a definitive diagnosis!

(iii)  A meta-analysis looking at the effects of vitamin D supplementation on diabetic foot ulcer healing found that wound healing and reduction in wound area were significantly improved in patients taking vitamin D supplementation as compared to the placebo-treated controls. Vitamin D is known to improve glucose metabolism and insulin indexes, as well as having a positive effect on inflammation and this was also confirmed in the trials. Take-home message: vitamin D supplementation is worth a try in patients with lower leg diabetic wounds.

9.  IgNobel contender?

Also from Issue 254 of GP Research review was comment on a study published in the BMJ looking at the effect of laughter exercise versus 0.1% sodium hyaluronic acid on ocular surface discomfort in dry eye disease.  Patients (229) with symptomatic dry eye disease were randomly assigned to either laughter exercise (n=149) or artificial tears (n=150) 0.1% sodium hyaluronic acid eyedrops) four times each day for 8 weeks. In the laugher exercise group, patients were required to repeat “Hee hee hee, hah hah hah, cheese cheese cheese, cheek cheek cheek, hah hah hah hah hah hah” 30 times during every 5-min session. At 8 weeks, laughter exercise was found to be non-inferior to eye drops with regard to the primary outcome (mean change in the ocular surface disease index).  Laughter exercise also achieved greater efficacy in improving non-invasive tear break-up time.  The reviewer commented:  We already know that laughter is beneficial for mental health as well as other health parameters (improved immune function, reduced cortisol levels, etc.), but now we see that it is as effective as lubricating eye drops at improving dry eye symptoms. There is without a doubt some truth to the centuries-old saying that “laughter is the best medicine”.

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Clinical Snippets June 2025

1. NOS and Nangs

A recent case I have looked at involved a young adult female presenting with slowly progressive bilateral lower limb sensory then motor changes eventually diagnosed as NOS-induced myelopathy (once her NO2 abuse was disclosed). A case series on the condition was published last year in NZMJ but there is an excellent RACGP article from 2021 examining the issue that includes the following points:

(i) Recreational NO2 use is widespread with ease of access and the common misperception of a ‘safe high’ contributing to abuse of the drug. The gas is cheap and easily accessible in the form of small metallic canisters (or larger decorated canisters) used as a propellant in whipped cream dispensers. Canisters, colloquially called ‘nangs’ or ‘whippits’, can be purchased in bulk from convenience stores or online suppliers, ostensibly for making whipped cream. The gas is discharged into a balloon using a small mechanical ‘cracker’ and then inhaled. The fleeting ‘high’ lasts only for a minute or so, and it is therefore common for people to use tens to hundreds of canisters in a session.

(ii) Nitrous oxide exerts its neurotoxicity through vitamin B12 inactivation, which disrupts myelin sheath maintenance, leading to peripheral and central nervous system demyelination. Importantly, patients often present with non-specific sensorimotor signs and symptoms with normal serum vitamin B12 levels. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to limit long-term neurological sequelae.  Patients who are predisposed to Vitamin B12 deficiency for other reasons (eg malabsorption) may be more susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of nitrous oxide abuse. While neurological manifestations can occur in isolation, other features typical of chronic vitamin B12 deficiency may also be present such as glossitis and clinical features of anaemia. Neuropsychiatric presentations including psychosis have also been reported.  

(iii) Patients can present with varying degrees of upper and lower motor neurone involvement resulting from the combination of a myelopathy and peripheral neuropathy, respectively. Spinal cord involvement (most commonly reported) manifests as spasticity, pyramidal pattern weakness and dorsal column sensory loss. Peripheral nerve involvement results in length-dependent large and small fibre sensory loss (often painful) and symmetrical distal weakness. Some patients develop visual disturbance because of optic neuropathy. The result is a combination of spasticity, sensory ataxia and weakness. The differential diagnosis of such a presentation is quite broad (discussed in detail in the RACGP article) but the earlier NO2 neurotoxicity is recognised and treatment commenced, the better the chance of full recovery.

(iv) In most cases of nitrous oxide toxicity, haemoglobin and MCV are normal, although in chronic abuse, a macrocytic anaemia may be present alongside a megaloblastic blood film. Importantly, while the serum B12 level may be low, it is often within the normal range, which can be falsely reassuring. This is because nitrous oxide causes inactivation of vitamin B12 rather than true deficiency. Therefore, if there is clinical suspicion, it is critical to check homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels, which are functional indicators of vitamin B12 status and are elevated in >98% of patients with clinical deficiency.  Elevated MMA is specific for vitamin B12 deficiency, whereas homocysteine may also be elevated in patients with folate deficiency, renal failure and hypothyroidism.  

(v) Treatment involves cessation of nitrous oxide and immediate administration of hydroxocobalamin (B12). Current guidelines suggest intramuscular, rather than oral, treatment, at a dose of 1mg on alternating days for two weeks, although it is reasonable to continue with this replacement schedule while there is ongoing neurological improvement. Homocysteine and MMA levels recover rapidly with treatment and can be used as a marker of biochemical treatment response; however, clinical response always lags behind. B12 maintenance therapy is needed if an additional secondary cause for B12 deficiency is found. Folate deficiency should be corrected alongside vitamin B12. Some online ‘nang’ forums suggest oral vitamin B12 supplementation as ‘prophylaxis’ while using nitrous oxide; however, there is debate over how efficacious this might be in preventing neurotoxicity.

(vi) Medsafe notes in September 2024 that nitrous oxide, when intended for use for a therapeutic purpose and presented for use as such, is a medicine under the Medicines Act 1981. However, if it is not intended for a therapeutic purpose and is intended for use or is used as a recreational drug, it is a psychoactive substance under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013. Supply of a psychoactive substance for the primary purpose of inducing a psychoactive effect, without a product approval and a licence issued under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 is prohibited. There are serious penalties, including substantial fines and imprisonment should a successful prosecution be taken against an organisation or individual supplying nitrous oxide for this purpose.

(vii) RNZ reports an interview in September last year with [xx] who owns a convenience and vape store in the Auckland CBD, who said the store sells nitrous oxide canisters to those who do not appear to be using them for recreational use. They sell them in boxes of 10 for $20. “If they call it nangs, it means they’re using it for other ways. But, if some people come in and ask us for cream chargers, first, we ask for ID if they are over 18, and we ask the purpose for use.  “If they say for cooking or something, we will sell it,” he said.  It seems similarly easy to buy small and large canisters online.   

2.  Updated rheumatic fever guidelines

Just a reminder that the Aotearoa New Zealand Rheumatic fever guidelines were updated mid last year with a handy Summary guide for clinicians  containing key messages and changes in clinical guidance, along with tables and algorithms summarising recommendations for diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Some key points include:

  • Modifications have been made to the assessment of ARF risk in a person with a sore throat with higher-risk definition now Māori or Pacific peoples who are 3–35 years (with emphasis on those 4–19 years) OR Personal or family history of ARF/RHD.
  • Rapid antigen diagnostic tests (RADT) are not recommended in Aotearoa.
  • Phenoxymethylpenicillin dosing has been simplified to twice daily dosing (15mg/kg (maximum 500mg/dose) twice daily).
  • Recommendations have been added for the single dose administration of IM benzathine penicillin as an option (see algorithm for doses).
  • Roxithromycin has been removed for people with documented penicillin allergy, while erythromycin remains available for this indication (20mg/kg/dose two times daily – max 1.6g daily). 
  • All oral treatments are for 10 days unless a swab result (if taken) returns a negative result
  • Streptococcal antibody titres to support the diagnosis of ARF have been revised reference intervals updated.  Other changes aimed at increasing detection of acute rheumatic fever and accuracy of diagnosis are discussed and I recommend reviewing at least the summary document.

3.  Antipsychotic audit

Best Practice Bulletin Issue 122 announces release of a new clinical audit tool on antipsychotic prescribing in older people. 

The audit identifies patients aged 65 years and over who are taking an antipsychotic medicine to assess whether there is an ongoing indication for treatment, whether non-pharmacological interventions have been discussed and if treatment has recently been reviewed. There are links to the 2020 BPAC publication on appropriate prescribing of antipsychotics in this age group.

This is an area where I see complaints not infrequently with issues often relating to lack of information provided at the time of prescribing regarding the nature of the medication, off-label prescribing (if relevant eg quetiapine for insomnia) and potential risks.  New Zealand Formulary carries a blue-box warning noted below for quetiapine:

4.  ACC Resources

The ACC monthly provider update last month included links to some handy resources:

(i)  ACC National Sport Concussion Management guidelines that includes a one page Graduated return to education/work & sport protocol outlining the various recovery stages and useful as an ‘official’ guide for patients/parents/coaches wanting to ‘ bend the rules’.  At this point I’ll put in another plug for the Brain Injury Screening Tool which can be completed on line and downloaded as a PDF and is great for monitoring recovery from a TBI.  

(ii)  The update notes BPAC have recently published a comprehensive guide and B-Quick summary to support primary care clinicians in navigating the ACC recovery at work process, including considerations when issuing medical certificates. BPAC have also developed a case study and quiz with interactive feedback for this topic. The quiz follows two different cases through the recovery at work framework.

(iii) An ACC-produced downloadable resource for patients on understanding fit for selected work medical certificates is available for medical and nurse practitioners to support their kiritaki (clients). It explains the benefits to them, why they’re not ‘fully unfit’, and how to apply for weekly compensation and other supports.

(iv)   ACC Provider Videos are available. These short videos cover various aspects of working with ACC including topics such as gradual process injury, appropriate use of READ codes, treatment injury, updating or adding a diagnosis for cover etc. 

5. June Prescriber Update Highlights

The June 2025 Prescriber Update includes the following brief updates:

(i)  Patients with BRASH syndrome (bradycardia, renal failure,AV node blockade, shock, hyperkalaemia)  may present with a range of symptoms from asymptomatic bradycardia to multiorgan failure. The main differential diagnosis to consider is isolated hyperkalaemia. BRASH syndrome involves the synergistic effects of atrioventricular (AV) node blockers with hyperkalaemia, causing profound bradycardia.  Triggers include hypovolaemia due to illness and starting or increasing the dose of medicines such as AV blockers (primarily beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers). Medicines that cause acute kidney injury, hyperkalaemia or reduced cardiac output may also contribute to the development of BRASH syndrome (eg ACEs, ARBs, spironolactone).  Healthcare professionals should consider BRASH syndrome in patients taking AV blocking medicines who present with signs of bradycardia and/or hyperkalaemia, even if they seem relatively well.

(ii) Peripheral neuropathy is a known side effect of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is commonly present in dietary supplements such as vitamin B complexes and multivitamin and mineral preparations, often in combination with magnesium or zinc. Vitamin B6 is also an ingredient in some medicines. In patients with signs and symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, remember to ask about supplement use.

(iii)  Hepatic reactions can occur with both short-term and long-term nitrofurantoin use. Use nitrofurantoin with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in patients with previous history of nitrofurantoin-related hepatotoxicity. Educate patients and caregivers about the signs and symptoms of hepatic dysfunction, such as yellowing of the skin or eyes, upper right abdominal pain, dark urine and pale or grey-coloured stools, itching or joint pain and swelling, and advise them to seek immediate medical advice if they occur.

6.  Deceased patient notes

  • A recent NZ Doctor article discussed actions you should take if you get a request for a deceased person’s medical information.   Rule 11 of the Health Information Privacy Code generally prohibits a health agency from disclosing a person’s health information and it still applies to a deceased individual’s information. This means to disclose health information about a person who has died, an agency must be satisfied that one of the exceptions in rule 11 applies.
  • Rule 11(5) gives the deceased patient’s representative (executor or administrator) the legal right to request access to their health information. This is treated as if the request was made under principle 6 – access to personal information by the person whose information it is. Someone who had an enduring power of attorney while the patient was alive is not always the executor or administrator of their estate once they’ve died, so it’s important to check who the representative is once the patient has died.
  • If someone who is not the legal representative makes a request, an agency may choose to disclose the information if it reasonably believes one of the other exceptions applies. However, this only allows an agency to decide whether it wishes to disclose the information. It is not required to and couldn’t be forced to exercise its discretion either way. Also, Section 53(b)(ii) of the Privacy Act permits an agency to withhold personal information if releasing it would involve the unwarranted disclosure of the affairs of another individual or a deceased individual,
  • Rule 11(2)(b) allows a health agency to disclose information to a near relative of the deceased person in accordance with recognised professional practice. This exception requires the agency to consider whether the disclosure contradicts the patient’s or their representative’s wishes. It will ultimately be up to the agency holding the information to determine whether this applies.
  • The bottom line is that you are probably better to err on the side of caution and seek medicolegal advice if the situation is unclear.    

7. Odd things

(i) Issue 251 of GP Research review discusses  a case study published in Ear, Nose & Throat Journal of a patient who reported temporary vertigo and nausea following head movements, after he began using earbuds during exercise and while driving.  During an acute vertigo episode, he returned a positive Dix Hallpike test, and physical examination indicated posterior semicircular canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in the right ear. After the patient stopped using earbuds, he experienced complete resolution of dizziness, tinnitus and tingling within the ear. The patient then began using bone-conduction headphones, and after 6 months, he had not experienced any subsequent dizziness or other symptoms. It was felt he suffered from earbuds induced benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and it may be worth enquiring about earbud use in patients presenting with BPPV symptoms.

(ii) Medscape family Medicine reported on research suggesting  saffron may help treat sexual dysfunction related to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Results of a preliminary new review found saffron, a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the “saffron crocus,” reduced SSRI-related erectile dysfunction in men and boosted arousal in women.  After conducting a literature search, the researchers included five studies in their review, all conducted in Iran between 2009 and 2017. It is noted that Iran is the world’s leading exporter of saffron, producing about 90% of the global supply. It has long been used there both in cuisine and for medicinal purposes. Four of the studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), while the fifth was a single-group clinical trial. The various studies used doses ranging from 5-30mg saffron daily with the author noting doses above 5g daily are considered unsafe.  Saffron capsules are readily available in does from 13.5 – 88.5mg

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Clinical Snippets May 2025

Clinical Snippets May 2025

1. Fitness to Drive

(i)  NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi (NZTA) wants to increase awareness that senior drivers can renew their licence as early as six months before it expires. Renewing early won’t affect the new driver licence expiry date. Senior drivers are required to renew their driver licence at age 75, 80 and every two years after that, and need to present a medical certificate when renewing.

(ii)  Just a reminder to make sure you are aware of the latest issue of Medical aspects of fitness to drive –  A guide for health practitioners published six months ago.  There is a helpful MPS discussion document accessible via a link on Health Pathways (Medical Protection – Is My Patient Fit to Drive) which discusses the medicolegal aspects of some of the changes in the new edition, particularly regarding expectations in relation to warning patients of conditions or medications that might affect their driving.  The relevant clause in the guide is When seeing a patient or prescribing medication, consider whether the patient drives and whether you should give them advice about the effect their medication or condition may have on their ability to drive. If you give advice about driving restrictions, record this in the notes and give the patient written advice, particularly if the consultation relates to driving certification. 

(iii)  The MPS document also notes that the new guide helpfully clarifies the difference between an occupational therapist driving assessment and an on-road safety test and points out that the on-road safety test is not a medical assessment and should not be used if you have concerns around the patient’s physical and cognitive ability to drive a vehicle safely. There is a useful chart in the guide which lays out the difference between these two assessments.

2.  Drug driving 

(i) In 2023, the Land Transport (Drug Driving) Amendment Act (LTAA) 2022 came into effect which lists 25 prescription medicines and illicit drugs (defined in the Act as Schedule 5) with highest risk for impairing driving. The Act also lists blood concentration levels for Schedule 5 substances that indicate impairment for offences related to drug driving. If a driver tests positive for a Schedule 5 substance, a medical defence is available to them if they have a valid prescription for that medicine and were taking it as prescribed.

(ii) An article published in the New Zealand Medical Journal (NZMJ) reviews the implications of the law change for prescribers and provides practical advice when discussing this situation with patients. The authors note that there is currently no guidance from regulatory bodies on this topic and that “… this article provides an outline of a what a reasonable prescriber might do. If adhered to, this advice [the NZMJ article] should provide a defensible position should a prescriber become the subject of an investigation or complaint related to the LTAA.”

(iii) The article includes some practical tips for prescribers, summarized in a recent best practice Bulletin (122) as:

  • If a patient is prescribed a Section 5 medicine that could impair driving, it is best practice to inform them of this and the LTAA legislation
  • Advise patients that their medical defence may be invalidated if they consume alcohol and drive while also taking prescribed Schedule 5 medicines
  • Consider whether referral for an occupational therapist driving assessment is appropriate if there is particular concern about a patient driving while taking their prescribed Schedule 5 medicine. Clinicians do not have to carry out driving suitability tests for patients during a consultation, e.g. reaction time testing.
  • There is no clinical value in measuring blood concentration levels of Schedule 5 prescription medicines to assess a patient’s suitability to drive
  • It is good prescribing practice to document driving instructions in the patient’s clinical notes and also on the prescription so the pharmacist can remind patients of the advice
  • Patients should be advised not to drive if they feel sedated or feel like their driving is affected
  • Sedation is a subjective feeling. Advise patients that their driving ability may still be affected even if the sedative feeling has worn off.
  • Patients taking stable doses of one Schedule 5 prescription medicine and no other psychoactive substances should be informed of the LTAA legislation, but in most circumstances a clinician would not tell these patients that they could not drive
  • Patients with complex prescribing (e.g. taking multiple Schedule 5 medicines or taking other psychoactive substances) should have their suitability to drive discussed with a colleague, e.g. peer group, mental health pharmacist. In some circumstances, patients may need to be advised not to drive, or referral for an occupational therapist driving assessment may be appropriate.
  • A practical rule for patients taking Schedule 5 prescription medicines short-term or as needed is to wait until at least two half-lives have passed before driving, i.e. ~75% of the medicine has been cleared.  For example, codeine has a half-life of 3 – 4 hours, therefore, as part of good prescribing practices, patients may be advised to wait at least eight hours after taking the medicine before driving (For approximate half-lives of commonly prescribed Schedule 5 medicines, see Appendix Table 1 in the NZMJ article)
  • A longer stand-down period before driving (i.e. four half-lives) is appropriate in certain situations, such as patients with renal or hepatic impairment, who are older, who are taking higher than standard doses or multiple psychoactive medicines, patients who take ”as needed” medicines more than two to three times weekly (driving may be more impaired because they do not develop tolerance as much as someone who takes the medicine daily) or any other situation identified by the prescriber

3.  Shingles vaccine and dementia

(i) When Zostavax was rolled out in the US in 2006, several studies found lower rates of dementia in people who received the shots although most studies compared vaccinated with unvaccinated cohorts, a design prone to selection bias, including healthy-vaccinee bias, meaning that individuals who decide to get vaccinated are generally healthier than those who choose not to.  The latest study published in Nature last month took advantage of a vaccination rollout that was undertaken in Wales more than a decade ago. Public health policy dictated that from 1 September 2013, people born on or after 2 September 1933 became eligible for the Zostavax shot, while those who were older missed out. Groups either side of the cutoff date were compared  (percentage of adults who received the vaccine increased from 0.01% among patients who were merely 1 week too old to be eligible, to 47.2% among those who were just 1 week younger).  Receiving the zoster vaccine reduced the probability of a new dementia diagnosis over a follow-up period of 7 years by 3.5 percentage points corresponding to a 20.0%  relative reduction. This protective effect was stronger among women than men.

(iii)  Possibly of more interest to us with the availability of Shingrix is a study published last year in  Nature Medicine that involved review of the health records of more than 200,000 US citizens vaccinated for shingles, about half of whom received Shingrix rather than Zostavax. Over the next six years, the risk of dementia was 17% lower in those who received Shingrix compared with Zostavax.  For those who went on to develop dementia, that amounts to an extra 164 days, or nearly six months, lived without the condition. The effect was stronger in women, at 22%, than in men at 13%.

(iv) It is unclear how shingles vaccines might protect against dementia, but one theory is that they reduce inflammation in the nervous system by preventing reactivation of the virus. Another theory is that the vaccines induce broader changes in the immune system that are protective. These wider effects are seen more often in women, potentially explaining the sex differences in the studies.

4. Denosumab for osteoporosis

(i) Pharmac has widened access to denosumab for osteoporosis and people with high calcium levels associated with cancer.  The Prolia brand is available for osteoporosis treatment as a subcutaneous injection given once every six months.  It is available on special authority from any relevant practitioner  for patients with established osteoporosis (see SA form for criteria) and:

  • Bisphosphonates are contraindicated because the patient’s creatinine clearance or eGFR is less than 35 mL/min; OR
  • The patient has experienced at least two symptomatic new fractures or a BMD loss greater than 2% per year, after at least 12 months’ continuous therapy with a funded antiresorptive agent; OR
  • Bisphosphonates result in intolerable side effects; OR
  • Intravenous bisphosphonates cannot be administered due to logistical or technical reasons

(ii) Health Pathways notes that any delay in subsequent doses, or cessation of denosumab can result in rapid loss of bone mass, roughly equivalent to what was gained on the medication. This results in an increased fracture risk and is an important consideration before starting treatment – essentially you need to have a backup plan in the event of need for cessation of denosumab.  The current recommendations is that you seek endocrinology advice before prescribing if considering using denosumab .

(iii) ONZ & FLNNZ  have published a very handy Summary of Denosumab Recommendations which covers all aspects of use of the medication and is worth downloading for rapid reference.  The advice reiterates that patients must understand and commit to ongoing injections every six months to avoid rapid bone loss and ‘rebound’ vertebral fractures. Denosumab should not be stopped abruptly due to the risk of rebound fractures. If discontinuation is necessary, a bisphosphonate (e.g., IV zoledronate) should be initiated six months after the last dose to prevent rapid bone loss.

5.  Practical hints

(i) Treating bacterial vaginosis (BV) as an STI could improve outcomes.   An Australian study published in NEJM and available as a 1-page summary document looked at 164 adult heterosexual couples who were in a monogamous relationship and where the female partner had BV.   The women were treated with standard first—line antimicrobials and half the male partners were treated concurrently (oral metronidazole and 2% clindamycin cream to the penile skin) while the other half received no treatment.   The primary efficacy outcome was recurrence of BV within 12 weeks.  The trial was stopped early when clear inferiority of treating only the female partner was demonstrated on interim analysis.  The recurrence rate with  both partners treated was 1.6 per person/year compared with 4.2 per person/year when only the female was treated.  No suitable topical clindamycin cream seems to be available in NZ although a 2% vaginal cream is awaiting a decision re funding from Pharmac.   Current NZ guidelines do not yet reflect these research findings. 

(ii)  Tools for Practice #388  looked at the use of topical tranexamic acid for nose bleeds.  Tranexamic acid intravenous solution applied to a cotton pledget increases the proportion of patients who stop bleeding within 10 minutes from 55% (saline) to 82%. Another randomized controlled trial showed tranexamic acid may be better than vasoconstrictors (ie. phenylephrine-lidocaine) with 90% stopping bleeding at 10 minutes versus 14% (vasoconstrictors). However, efficacy of combining agents is unclear.  Epistaxis is listed in NZF as an indication for oral administration of tranexamic acid while control of oral mucosal bleeding using the IV solution as a mouthwash is listed as an unapproved indication.   The price listed in the NZ Pharmaceutical schedule for the 100m/mL 5mL amps is $5.39 for five amps.   

6.  Resources

(i)  The Antibiotic Conservation Aotearoa website has been set up by a  dedicated group of researchers passionate about promoting responsible antibiotic use and antibiotic stewardship that benefits our whānau.  It includes a resource hub with videos, webinars and infographics which can be used for both prescriber and patient education.  An infographic example can be found here.  

(ii)  An excellent resource for helping you decide whether your patient is fit to undertake a recreational dive medicine course can be found in the on-line document Diving Medical Guidance to the Physician produced by the Diving Medical Screen Committee as part of a new medical screening system for divers set up in 2020. The  guidance looks at various commonly encountered conditions by system and grades them as severe risk, relative risk and temporary risk (and why)  which enables you to have an informed discussion with the patient regarding your recommendations.  

7.  Drug updates

(i) Pharmac has announced the FreeStyle Libre 2 Plus continuous glucose monitor is to be funded from 1 May 2025 for patients with type 1 or type 3c diabetes (due to damage or dysfunction of the pancreas, either from disease or surgery). The new monitor is an upgraded model of the currently funded FreeStyle Libre 2, which will be discontinued in 2026. It can be worn for an additional day (15 instead of 14), and is considered more accurate than the FreeStyle Libre 2. Patients will need a new prescription for this CGM; up to 28 FreeStyle Libre 2 Plus CGMs will be funded each year, or six per prescription.

(ii)  Pharmac has announced that from 1st May, 2025, insulin degludec and insulin aspart (Ryzodeg) will be funded without restriction for patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Ryzodeg is an insulin co-formulation which combines the ultralong-acting insulin degludec (70%) with the rapid-acting insulin aspart (30%). It can reduce the number of insulin injections required for some patients and may improve blood glucose stability. Ryzodeg may also be an appropriate alternative for patients prescribed NovoMix 30 FlexPen, which is being discontinued (supplies expected to run out by mid-2026).

See the latest  Best Practice Bulletin for further details.

8.  Ig Nobel award contenders? 

(i) A recent Medscape update reported findings of an observational study (125 patients undergoing screening colonoscopy given a questionnaire – 43% had hemorrhoids visualized on colonoscopy) that links smartphone use on the toilet with presence of haemorrhoids.  The takeaway points included: 

  • Overall, 66% of respondents used smartphones while on the toilet; 93% of those used a smartphone on the toilet at least one to two times per week or more, and more than half (55.4%) used it most of the time.
  • Smartphone use on the toilet was associated with a 46% increased risk for hemorrhoids after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, exercise activity, and fiber intake.
  • Participants who used smartphones on the toilet spent significantly more time there than those who did not; 37.3% of them spent more than 6 minutes per visit on the toilet compared with 7.1% of nonusers, and 35% said they believed they spent more time on the toilet because of their smartphone use.
  • The most common activity performed while on the toilet was reading “news” (54.3%), followed by “social media” (44.4%), and email/texting (30.5%)

(ii) Another recent study reported in Medscape looked at that vexed question Can Sharing a Kiss Lead to Gluten Transfer?  It was a small study (10 couples) with the non-coeliac member receiving a gluten load and providing a saliva sample at fixed periods following ingestion, and following a glass of water.   There were two protocols to test gluten transfer via kissing: Waiting 5 minutes after gluten ingestion and then kissing and drinking 125 mL of water after gluten ingestion and then kissing without waiting. The couples were instructed to kiss with an open mouth for at least 1 minute, involving the tongue and saliva transfer. saliva was collected from the partner with celiac disease immediately after the kiss and urine was tested for gluten absorption each evening and the morning after each kissing exposure. Gluten was detectable in the saliva of the partner without celiac disease in all protocols, though not at worrisome levels, according to the authors.  The concluding practice point:  Patients with celiac disease can be more relaxed, knowing that the risk of gluten cross-contact through kissing a partner who has consumed gluten can be brought down to safe levels if food is followed by a small glass of water. 

The New Zealand General Practice Podcast

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April 2025

Clinical Snippets April 2025

1.  Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL)

(i) The March issue of GP Voice referred to information from the New Zealand Audiological Society (NZAS) regarding the importance of prompt assessment and treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL) given the research showing that early treatment can improve the chances of hearing recovery.  The reader is referred to a 2024 article in the Australian Journal of General Practice which gives an excellent summary of the diagnosis and management of SSNHL including differentiating between conductive and sensorineural heating loss. 

(ii) Key points from the article include: 

  • Sudden sensorineural hearing loss is an otologic emergency.
  • Prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment with high-dose corticosteroids improves patient hearing outcomes
  • Do not delay treatment while awaiting investigations (ie audiogram).
  • Prompt referral through to an ENT service and/or an emergency department is recommended.
  • Consider adjuncts to therapy including hyperbaric oxygen therapy, audiovestibular services and/or intra-tympanic dexamethasone.

(iii) The gold standard for confirmation of SSNHL is diagnostic audiometry (urgent same day – usually community provider) but use of tuning fork tests (Weber and Rinne) is advised in the article and in our Community Health Pathways.  A 512Hz tuning fork is used (cost $10-30).

(iv)  There is some difference in content between the various regional Community Health Pathways so I recommend consulting your specific pathway, particularly with respect to steroid treatment.  In general, the criteria for sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) include:

  • Hearing loss that is sensorineural in nature
  • Hearing loss of at least 30 dB over at least three consecutive frequencies
  • Hearing loss that occurs within a 72-hour period (and best outcomes are seen when the patient is treated within 72 hours of hearing loss onset).

Characteristics of SSNHL include:

  • Acute onset with rapid progression of symptoms, generally within 72 hours
  • Almost always unilateral hearing loss
  • Patients may awaken with hearing loss or blocked feeling, with or without associated tinnitus, and occasionally vertigo
  • May occur at any age but is more common in those aged in their 40s or 50s.
  • Spontaneous improvement in hearing occurs in 2 out of 3 patients but recovery may not be complete. Recovery is more likely in younger age groups and in those with milder losses.
  • SSNHL is commonly misdiagnosed as otitis media due to an overlap of symptoms (e.g. acute hearing loss, aural fullness, tinnitus and sometimes preceding viral infection).
  • Most cases (85 to 90%) are idiopathic but consider other potential causes.

2. Goodfellow Gem – ADHD Treatment

 A recent Goodfellow Unit Gem looked at a Swedish study published in JAMA which examined 2-year mortality risk in patients with a diagnosis of ADHD comparing those who received pharmacotherapy for the disorder with a similar cohort who did receive pharmacotherapy.  The median age at diagnosis was 17.4 years (6-64 years). The 2-year mortality risk was lower in the initiation treatment strategy group (39.1 per 10 000 individuals) than in the non-initiation treatment strategy group (48.1 per 10 000 individuals). Among individuals diagnosed with ADHD, medication initiation was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality, particularly for death due to unnatural causes. (e.g., unintentional injuries, suicide, and accidental poisonings).  There is a chance that more safety-conscious people will get preferential access to medication but this is the best available data.

3.  No more RICE?

A NZ Doctor sports medicine article published earlier this year looked at the evidence behind the age-old RICE advice we give to patients with acute soft tissue injuries.  The rationale behind RICE is to use rest to prevent any further soft-tissue injury, cryotherapy (ice) to induce vasoconstriction and limit bleeding and swelling, compression to limit swelling by physical means, and elevation to reduce the effects of gravity. Cryotherapy also has an analgesic effect. However, on reviewing the medical literature the author concluded there is no evidence to support the use of cryotherapy for acute soft-tissue injuries, but if used, it should probably only be in the first few hours after injury. Do not apply ice for more than 10 to 15 minutes as there are reports of damage to underlying superficial nerves (eg, the common peroneal nerve) with prolonged application, and superficial burns if applied directly to the skin.  The key points from the article were:

  • Acute management of soft-tissue injuries should include protection (rather than prolonged rest), elevation, compression and education.
  • Load optimisation and exercise, without exacerbating pain, are important after the first few days.
  • There is no evidence to support the use of cryotherapy or anti-inflammatories.

4. NZF Update – SSRIs and venlafaxine

The March NZF Update includes reference to cautions and patient advice updated and new pre-treatment screening and monitoring sections added for SSRIs and venlafaxine.

(i)  Pre-treatment screening advice is to perform an ECG in those at high risk of QT-interval prolongation.  Christchurch Medicines Information Service have a handy one pager on risk factors but note they include use of two or more drugs that cause QTc prolongation independently (includes macrolide and quinolone antibiotics) and use of one or more drugs that may cause electrolyte disturbance (e.g. diuretics, β-agonists, proton pump inhibitors), bradycardia (e.g. β-blockers, donepezil) or other effects that predispose the individual to the QTc prolonging effects of another drug.

(ii) Monitoring recommendations are:

  • Monitor closely for suicidality (suicidal behaviour, unusual changes in behaviour, self-harm, irritability, agitation, increased anxiety). Review patient regularly (e.g. weekly during the first month of treatment) and specifically ask about suicidal thoughts or actions, particularly at the beginning of treatment, when the dose is increased or decreased, or when the antidepressant is stopped.  
  • Perform an ECG in those at high risk of QT-interval prolongation 4 weeks after starting treatment, following any dose increase, and following addition of an interacting medicine. Consider stopping treatment if QT-interval is greater than 500 milliseconds or has increased by greater than 60 milliseconds.

5. Coffee and atrial fibrillation

Issue 250 of GP Research Review looked at a Swiss study examining coffee consumption and adverse cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation.  The study involved over 4000 patients and at a median follow-up of 4.7 years, patients with AF who were ‘daily’ coffee consumers had a lower incidence rate of a major cardiovascular event (MACE) than ‘not-daily’ consumers (5.09 vs 7.49 per 100 person-years, respectively). Following adjustments for confounders, AF patients who consumed coffee daily had a 23% lower risk of MACE and the reduction in MACE risk was greatest for those who consumed 2-3 cups of coffee per day.  Daily coffee consumers also had lower risks of all-cause mortality and hospitalisation for acute heart failure.  The reviewer noted there is existing evidence that coffee consumption increases longevity in general although there is also some evidence of the association of high coffee consumption with development of AF. However, continuing to drink coffee after diagnosis of AF does not appear to be harmful. 

6. Resource – Dermnet Newsletter

I am sure most of us are aware of the Dermnet dermatology website launched in 1996 by Hamilton dermatologists Dr Amanda Oakley, Dr Mark Duffill and Dr Marius Rademaker and now described as the world’s leading free dermatology resource. It is worth considering subscribing to the Dermnet newsletter which summarises content updates and new cases and provides links to professional education resources such as the Dermnet Lecture Series available on Youtube.  This series is designed to cover the core medical undergraduate dermatology curriculum and is a great ‘refresher’ resource for practicing GPs.

7.  Bits and pieces

(i)  Updated guidelines for the prevention of legionellosis in NZ were published this month.  Common sources of infection include exposure to the bacteria via compost and also spa pools, so it is worth asking about both of these potential sources when reviewing patients with possible atypical lower respiratory tract infections. 

(ii)  Pharmac has announced that varenicline (Champix) is available again from 1 April 2025. People will need to meet the funding criteria to access funded Champix, one of which is that the person is part of, or is about to enrol in, a comprehensive support and counselling smoking cessation programme, which includes prescriber or nurse monitoring.  Champix is a three-month course. There is a starter pack, followed by two repeats of Champix 1 mg (56-tablet pack).

(iii) Just a reminder that there is WINZ funding available for dental treatment for eligible clients of up to $1000 per 52-week period.  The grant does not have to be paid back eligibility depends on income and asset assessment (details on the WINZ website).  The grant covers immediate and essential treatment, which can include extractions, fillings for tooth restoration (not for cosmetic or for non-oral health issues), treatment of infection, and root canal treatment (except molars).  It does not include regular dental check-ups, cosmetic treatment, scale and polish, and teeth cleaning (unless this treatment is required because of gum infection), cast restorations, orthodontic treatment, molar root canal treatment or dentures. The client’s dentist needs to  complete a Dental Treatment information form.

(iv) The Otago Medical School Hauora Māori curriculum contains a te reo glossary intended to alert students and staff to words that are commonly used (as reflected in the glossary levels) within the health environment in Aotearoa New Zealand. The glossary is aligned with the Aki Hauora App that is available on both android and apple devices.  This is a  game based app to facilitate familiarity with the glossary.

(v) Tools for Practice #386 examined the question ‘does reducing sodium intake or substituting table salt with sodium-potassium alternatives improve cardiovascular outcomes?’  The bottom line was that based on one large randomized, controlled trial in patients with hypertension/previous stroke with above average daily salt intake (eg 4.8 g/day), replacing table salt with a salt substitute may decrease mortality (from ~4.5% to ~4%) and stroke (from ~3.5% to 3%) per year. Whether reducing sodium by other means reduces mortality or cardiovascular events is unknown.  The article notes that many guidelines recommend specific sodium reduction (example: <2g/day) but there is no reliable way for patients to estimate sodium consumption.  According to our last national nutrition survey, adults in Aotearoa New Zealand eat on average about 8.5 g of salt a day (3.4g sodium/day).

The New Zealand General Practice Podcast

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Clinical Snippets February 2025

Clinical Snippets February 2025

1.  Measles and SSPE

Issue 60 of Paediatric Vaccines Research Review included comment on a recently published article in  J Child Neurology on pediatric subacute sclerosing panencephalitis complicating measles and the future of measles vaccination.

  • SSPE is a rare but invariably fatal complication of measles that can develop years after infection, particularly affecting those infected before age two. The latency period between acute measles and first symptoms of SSPE is usually 4 to 10 years but ranges from 1 month to 27 years.  Characterised by progressive neurological decline, SSPE leads to death usually within 1–3 years of onset.
  • Measles vaccination has drastically reduced SSPE cases, highlighting the importance of maintaining high immunisation coverage. SSPE, while rare, still remains a devastating potential outcome of measles, reminding us that vaccination extends beyond immediate benefits.
  • The commentator notes we rarely discuss SSPE – perhaps due to its low incidence – but as a life-altering complication it’s crucial to acknowledge and address its risks. A study from Germany published in 2013 found that children under 5 years of age when they contracted measles had a 1 in 1700–3300 risk of SSPE noting this risk is in the same order of magnitude as the risk of a fatal acute measles infection.  A study from Georgia published in 2020 found a similar incidence (crude incidence as high as 1:158 – 1:1580 (depending on estimates of measles reporting) for onset of measles at <1 year of age.  These figures are somewhat different to the 1:100,000 incidence quoted in current ImAC measles resources. 
  • Should we then bring this into our public health conversations as a stark reminder of measles’ broader dangers? Doing so could strengthen advocacy for vaccination, especially for early childhood immunisation in vulnerable populations.

2.  Lymphocytosis

  • I have recently reviewed a complaint relating to failure to inform a patient of their progressive lymphocytosis over several years.  On transferring to a new practice, they were diagnosed with CLL and informed of the preceding abnormal results.  Blood counts had been done occasionally over several years by the previous GP for symptoms unrelated to CLL but in addition to failing to inform the patient (who was well) of the abnormality, there was no structured monitoring in place.  
  • Health Pathways notes that transient increases in the lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) are usually due to acute infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus infection and viral hepatitis, cytomegalovirus infection, HIV/AIDS. Less commonly, increased lymphocytes may be the result of pertussis and toxoplasmosis, or tuberculosis and brucellosis.  The lymphocyte count may also be elevated in smoking, post-splenectomy, acute stress response, trauma and autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • Look for associated anaemia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia.  Assess for any clinical signs of infection or inflammation including lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly which may represent a lymphoproliferative disorder.
  • If there is persistent lymphocytosis, consider:
    • autoimmune conditions, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis.
    • smoking.
    • post-splenectomy.
    • monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, a clonal lymphocytosis similar to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), but with clonal lymphocytes less than 5 x 109/L and without other features of CLL.
    • B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL)
  • Request a haematology assessment or seek haematology advice if lymphocytosis with:
    • lymphadenopathy or hepatosplenomegaly.
    • rapidly rising lymphocyte count or blast cells present.
  • If the patient is well or has mild symptoms with lymphocyte counts 7 x 109/L or less, recheck white blood cell count in 2 to 3 months. Reactive lymphocytosis generally resolves within 2 months. A stable increased lymphocyte count in an otherwise well person is unlikely to require treatment.
  • If persistent lymphocytosis is greater than 7 x 109/L, consider a lymphoproliferative disorder (most commonly B-CLL) and if the immunophenotyping confirms a clonal population, follow the B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (B-CLL) Pathway which advises when to seek haematology advice if clinically appropriate and gives specific monitoring advice.

3.  Preliminary Notice of Death

  • From mid-December 2024, medical practitioners and nurse practitioners have been required to send a Preliminary Notice of Death (PNOD) to Births, Deaths and Marriages (BDM) within 3 days of completing a Medical Certificate of Cause of Death (MCCD).
  • For those completing the MCCD online in Death Documents, the notice is sent automatically when the certificate is submitted.  Practitioners not currently registered to use Death Documents to complete a MCCD are encouraged to do so.
  • If a practitioner is not using Death Documents they need to complete a new PNOD form and email it to BDM. The PNOD contains a subset of the information contained on the MCCD and will be able to be completed on screen and emailed to BDM as an attachment. A digital signature can be accepted. Further information is available on the Te Whatu Ora website. 

4.  Cremation certification

  • Under normal circumstances, there is a requirement under Regulation 7 of the Cremation Regulations 1973 for the practitioner completing a cremation certificate to view the body of the deceased after death. Exemption from this requirement under specific circumstances has been in force since 2020 and was recently extended to 31 December 2025.  The exemption applies only in the following circumstances:   
  • This exemption does not apply to deaths in public hospitals, hospices, private homes, or other settings and where a medical practitioner does not know the medical history of the individual. Certifying practitioners are still required to view the body of a person who dies outside of a residential care facility in order to issue a cremation certificate.
  • Under this authorisation a medical referee must receive advice from a trusted source (usually a manager or registered nurse at the residential facility) who has a reasonable level of assurance of the cause of death to verify the identity of the deceased and that the deceased died of natural causes.
  • Under the exemption the Form B cremation certificate should be completed by a certifying practitioner who previously attended the deceased before death (by personal attendance or via video-link) and should state that “the deceased was not examined after death as per the Minister’s residential care facility exemption”.  A practitioner who did not attend the deceased before death must still examine the body after death in order to issue a medical certificate of cause of death.  It is still important to determine whether the deceased has a pacemaker or biomechanical aid and to complete the appropriate certification in this regard.  Further information is available on the Te Whatu Ora website.  

5.  In brief…

(i)  A reminder in the December 2024 Prescriber Update that acyclovir and valaciclovir can accumulate in patients with renal impairment. Therefore, a dose adjustment is needed in these patients to reduce the risk of risk of neurotoxicity.  NZ Formulary gives specific dosing instructions for various creatinine clearance  (CC)measurements eg using valaciclovir for herpes zoster, CC 30–50 mL/minute, 1 g every 12 hours, CC 10–30 mL/minute, 1 g every 24 hours, CC less than 10 mL/minute, 500 mg every 24 hours.   Advice is to monitor patients with renal impairment closely for signs of neurotoxicity, which may include confusion, agitation, hallucinations or seizures.

(ii)  The January 2025 NZF update includes new cautions added to the prescribing information for medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA – Provera, Depo Provera): history of meningioma; increased risk of meningioma with prolonged use of injection or high oral doses (100 mg or more), discontinue if meningioma is diagnosed.  A recent French study showed no excess risk of intracranial meningioma for progesterone, dydrogesterone, or levonorgestrel intrauterine systems.  The meningioma warning has been in place for cyproterone acetate (CPA) for a number of years (see 2020 Prescriber Update) mainly in doses 25mg or higher and with extended use, with current meningioma or history of meningioma being a contraindication to use.  CPA may be used for androgen blockade in transgender therapy as well as in women for severe signs of androgenisation. The cited study found odds ratio of 5.55 for MPA and 19.21 for CPA for development of meningioma.  However, the background annual incidence of meningioma is low (9.7/100,000 in the US) although 2-3 times more common in females than males.  

(iii)  A recent Goodfellow Unit GEM notes serological testing for herpes simplex virus (HSV) is not recommended in most cases of genital herpes due to its accuracy and clinical utility limitations. Serology detects past exposure to HSV but cannot confirm active infections or distinguish between genital and facial infections. HSV IgG antibodies may take weeks to months to develop, leading to false negatives in early infection, and even seropositive individuals may revert to seronegative status. Genital herpes screening is not recommended and is likely more harmful than helpful.  Viral swab PCR testing from active lesions is the gold standard in NZ for accurate diagnosis. The New Zealand Herpes Guidelines advise that HSV-1 and HSV-2 serology is not recommended except in rare, specific situations (e.g., an asymptomatic pregnant partner of a newly diagnosed person); discuss these with a sexual health specialist.  See the national guidelines for management of genital herpes for more information. 

6.  Resources

(i)  A validated rapid (3-4 minutes) screening test for cognitive impairment is the Mini-Cog.  Follow-up abnormal testing with a suitable multi-domain test. 

(ii)  For patients with limited English, the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS) is specifically designed for use in culturally/linguistically diverse population and is validated when administered in English with a medical interpreter.  The link includes specific instructions on how to administer the test with an interpreter. 

(iii)  A combined brief (4 minute) patient screening and informant interview (if indicated by patient screening – takes 2 minutes) is the GPCOG test.  Printable versions of the test in various languages and an online version are available on the GPCOG website together with a training video. 

(iv)  Melanoma counselling – The Melanoma New Zealand Counselling Service supports anyone affected by melanoma, including individuals, families, whānau and carers facing the challenges of a new diagnosis, ongoing treatments, or post treatment. Free, and online or by phone, our counselling service offers you an opportunity to safely explore your thoughts and emotions with a professional counsellor, in complete confidence.  Up to four x 50 minute counselling sessions are available on self-referral or referral via a health professional.  The Melanoma NZ website also contains a wealth of resources for patients around all aspects of melanoma prevention, diagnosis and treatment. 

(v)  The December issue of NZ Doctor includes an article on the Post-Covid Syndrome symptom map which can be downloaded as a PDF from the Manatu Hauora Long Covid rehabilitation website along with guidelines and other clinical resources for managing the condition.  The article notes the map can be sent to the patient to complete in advance of their appointment, ensuring 15-minute appointment times are optimised. In addition, it can reduce patient fatigue, ensuring the patient does not expend precious energy retelling their story, by providing a representation of their situation which can be easily shared with other clinicians involved in their care.  From a GP’s perspective, the PCSM gets straight to the heart of the issue, highlighting attention to multisystem involvement and capturing both symptom severity and functional disability. The PCSM saves time by ruling out red flags or, conversely, highlighting the need for further investigations, thereby directing immediate care or onward referral. For complex patients who present with a multitude of symptoms without any discernible pattern, it provides a useful starting point from which to move forward.